最近,我读了一篇《最贵的项链》的文章,我从这篇文章中,感受到姐姐平时对她有多好!姐姐天天起早贪黑的为她洗衣做饭,然后还要去上班,她知道姐姐每天都这么的辛苦,正好今天是她的生日,就悄悄地拿着钱到珠宝店去。在这里可以知道她非常喜欢自己的姐,不想让姐姐知道,要给姐姐一个惊喜。她还让店主把那个项链用红纸装好,又蹦蹦跳跳回家了。
读到这里,让我想起了我的一个朋友。(.)他也和故事中的小女孩一样可怜,他的父母离婚了,他由他母亲里抚养。从那以后,他再也没见过父亲。他母亲为了抚养他,为了赚钱,天天都起早贪黑的。中午还要为他送饭,放完学还要去接他。母亲的一言一行他都看在眼里,十分的感动。妇女节到了,他想送个礼物给妈妈,想报答她。他就把我叫来了,让我给他出个主意,送什么东西给他母亲好。我想了一下,就对他说:“你妈妈平时最喜欢什么?”他回想了一下,说:“上次,我跟他去逛街,走过一家商店,她在外面站了一会,好像看中了一件衣服。”我就说:“你就送件衣服给她吧,用你的压岁钱买。”
不管是姐姐对小姑娘的爱,还是母亲对儿子的.母亲,他们的爱都是伟大的,无私的。但我们也应该懂得回报。
一、教材分析
这是一篇优美的散文,课文从大海远景切入,慢慢推至近景,逐一展现沙滩、海浪、海等,并对之进行色彩描绘,很有动感,应该使学生从文中感受美感的熏陶。
二、学情分析
一年级孩子的识字量不大,所以给学习带来一定难度,除生字外,本文还有许多带“的”的短语和长句子朗读,对孩子难度较大,应重点指导。努力搭配朗读阶梯,降低阅读难度。
三、教学目标
1、认识11个生字,会写2个生字。
2、正确、流利地朗读课文,重点读好“的”轻音。
3、感受文章语言的优美。
四、教学重难点
指导读好轻音,认识、会写相关生字。
五、教学准备
PPT、词卡。
六、教学设计
(一)、情景导入,引出课题
1、猜谜语:金光闪闪一个圈,整天戴在脖项间。
2、出示课题《项链》,齐读。
(二)、初读课文,识字认词。
1、自读课文,同桌互读。
2、交流生字。
3、生字贝壳,情景识字。(重点教学“和”,认识“禾”字旁)。
4、生字分分类。
重点教学“着”,“挂”,“娃”,对其进行比较组词。
(三)、再次读文,感知美感。
1、学词:蓝蓝的、黄黄的`、又宽又远、又长又软
2、读句:大海,蓝蓝的,又宽又远。沙滩,黄黄的,又长又软。
3、学文:
(1)朗读第一自然段,思考问题:
课文描写了哪些景物,圈一圈,说一说,各自的特点是什么?
(2)朗读第二自然段,思考问题:
你找到了几条项链?分别是谁的?说一说是什么样子?
(四)、巩固搭配,写字结课。
1、完成课后题目。像这样词语,还能说说吗?
2、写字操。
3、指导写字:又和
(1)生观察字形。
(2)师范写。
(3)生描写,师巡视指导
(4)评一评
(五)、音乐欣赏,熏陶提升。
《外婆的澎湖湾》
(六)、板书设计:
教学目标
1、掌握莫泊桑的相关知识,了解小说写作背景;
2、理清故事线索和情节;
3、探究改变人物命运的原因和人物命运蕴含的哲理性;
4、全面评价玛蒂尔德,探讨人物命运与性格的关系;
5、拓展学生的思维,从小说中吸取教训;
教学重难点
1、全面评价玛蒂尔德,探讨人物命运与性格的关系;
2、探究改变人物命运的原因和人物命运蕴含的哲理性
一、导入
今天很高兴能和同学们一起来学习一篇莫泊桑的小说—《项链》
1、莫泊桑及其作品的简要介绍(简要的介绍《羊脂球》《俊友》,引起学生阅读兴趣)
2、今天我们将要学习他的《项链》,其实一看题目我们就知道这篇小说所有的情节都是围绕?什么展开的?(学生应该能回答到是“项链”)
二、复述故事情节,理清小说情节结构,了解人物命运的变化
1、复习小说的三要素:情节、人物、环境
2、看图说情节:《项链》这篇小说的情节是围绕“项链”分成四大部分,请同学们看到多媒体屏幕上四幅玛蒂尔德的插图,同学们回忆故事情节,我想请四位同学来简要概括它们的主要内容(给学生2分钟的准备时间,不需要讨论,学生独立思考回忆)板书:
借还
项链
丢 识
教师总结:生活和玛蒂尔德开了一个巨大的玩笑,就在她的幸福达到顶点时,项链丢了;花了十年光阴还了项链,生活又和她开了一个巨大的玩笑,项链是假的,真可谓是“一夜风流,十年艰辛”,那么是什么造成了玛蒂尔德的命运发生了如此巨大的变化呢?
三、了解人物的形象,分析人物悲剧原因
1、全面分析人物形象
鲁迅先生曾经说过:“悲剧就是把有价值的东西毁灭给人看”玛蒂尔德的身上肯定有其闪光之处,所以她丢了一串假项链而付出了十年艰辛的代价,从小康之家坠入困顿,才能说是一个悲剧
提问1:那么我们先来看看玛蒂尔德身上闪光之处,同学们能不能从小说中看出来?
诚实守信、自尊自强、吃苦耐劳(板书)
提问2:这样一个灵魂深处还是具备优秀品质的女子为什么以悲剧收场?
因为虚荣心作祟,是因为爱慕虚荣的性格导致了她这样的命运,也就是我们经常说的的“性格决定命运”板书:爱慕虚荣
2、初步分析人物悲剧原因小组合作讨论:文章哪些地方体现了玛蒂尔德的虚荣心?作者是怎样刻画她的虚荣心的?联系现实生活中人们虚荣的行为表现,说说玛蒂尔德的遭遇给了你什么启示?(前后四人一组,讨论时间3分钟,讨论完后小组派代表回答)(教师提示可以按情节发展顺序来)
(1)序幕部分(借项链前的描写)(可以划出描写马蒂尔德心理的词语)
她梦想着追求豪华生活,渴望进入上流社会,而且她觉得凭自己的美貌理应过这种生活;然而现实却是冰冷的、寒酸的,“没有漂亮的服装,没有珠宝,什么也没有”她的梦想与现实之间有着尖锐矛盾,可谓“心比天高,命比纸薄”正如文中所说“这些东西,在别的跟她一样地位的妇人,也许不会挂在心上,然而她却因此痛苦,因此伤心”这种对不切实际的物质与精神追求的执迷,正可看出她的虚荣。
(2)“借项链”部分
“犹豫不决”、“不断问”——没有见到项链时的不安;
“心跳”、“发抖”、“出神”——发现钻石项链时的激动、神往
“迟疑”、“焦虑”——担心对方拒绝时的犹豫不安;
“跳”、“接”、“亲”、“跑”——得到允许后的兴奋
作者通过一系列神态、动作描写刻画她在借项链时的几个心理变化,淋漓尽致地揭示她爱慕虚荣、追求享乐的精神世界
(3)“失项链”部分
舞会上的四个“陶醉”(心理描写)
长期以来的梦想得到实现,这种欣喜若狂、忘乎所以正反映了她极度膨胀的虚荣心
(4)“赔项链”部分
提问:十年的艰辛有没有让她彻底清醒过来?
第104自然段的心理描写说明她没有改悔,可见其虚荣心是如何深入骨髓、根深蒂固
(课文中还有很多地方多体现了玛蒂尔德的虚荣心)
教师小结:虚荣心是指以虚假的方式来保护自己的自尊的心理状态虚荣心是人类一种普通的心理状态“死要面子活受罪”,这是句传统老话,却充分表现了虚荣心常常使人做出没有理智的不成熟的行为虚荣心是最害人的,要想让自己活得快乐、轻松,必须从心里认清它的实质,努力摆脱和远离它,脚踏实地的为理想而奋斗
3、深入分析悲剧原因
然而,面对这跌宕波折的命运曲线,面对这十年青春换来的砖石项链我们能否把玛蒂尔德十年的遭遇简单地归结于她的虚荣心呢,她其实也是一个有很多优点的姑娘,那么玛蒂尔德悲剧的根源到底是什么?在这里我想补充莫泊桑创作项链的背景
(1)教师补充莫泊桑写作背景(多媒体展示)
在19世纪80年代的法国,资本主义恶性发展,大资产阶级当权,对人民巧取豪夺,政府中贪污风行,社会上道德沦丧,资产阶级骄奢淫逸的糜烂生活和惟利是图的道德观念影响到整个社会,追求享乐追求虚荣,成为一种恶劣的社会风气这种社会风气在小资产阶级当中同样盛行由于这个阶级在资本主义社会中地位极不稳定,他们总想摆脱这种处境,跻身于上流行列但是,只有少数人获得成功,而大多数在资本主义的竞争中落入更悲惨的遭遇然而,在当时,羡慕上流社会,追求虚荣,已经成为这一阶层人们的普遍心理特征之一莫泊桑写了不少作品讽刺揭露小资的庸俗、势利和虚荣《项链》就是其中精品之一,玛蒂尔德就是生活在这样的环境中
(2)讨论:其实在我们课文中也有这种社会风气的,体现文中哪些地方可看出这种虚荣浮华的社会风气?(同桌之间讨论)(3分钟)
①“因为在妇女,美丽、丰韵、娇媚,就是她们的.出身;天生的聪明,优美的资质,温柔的性情,就是她们惟一的资格”
②其他人物也爱慕虚荣
路瓦栽先生:她之所以花很大力气弄到那张请柬并且为此“得意扬扬”,是因为晚会的请柬“大家都希望得到,可是很难得到;一向很少发给职员”,并且“这是一个好机会”,“在那儿可以看见所有官员”他的醉心名利、爱慕虚荣是显而易见的
③佛莱思节夫人:她之所以去珠宝店买漂亮的青缎盒子来装假项链,又不告诉玛蒂尔德项链是假的,是为了使这挂至多只值五百法郎的假项链看起来像钻石项链,又用这挂假项链来显示富有、抬高身价她同样爱慕虚荣
师:个人的思想意识和行为都是特定社会环境下的产物当时的法国社会崇尚的就是这么一种虚荣浮华的风气,生活于其中的玛蒂尔德又怎能不受其影响呢?
(3)现在咱们在回到我们最初的问题:玛蒂尔德的悲剧根源到底是什么?时代的悲剧(板书)
(4)小结:
造成玛蒂尔德悲剧的原因是多方面的,从内因来说,她所追求的目标是刹那间的虚幻,这不切实际的目标注定了她的悲剧命运;她性格中的虚荣和享乐,也是她的悲剧命运的根源从外因来说当时社会虚荣浮华的风气,是造成她的悲剧命运的重要原因,如果说丢项链是偶然的,那么她的悲剧就是必然的但我们,更多地要吸取她性格缺陷和目标虚幻对人生影响的教训,为我们的青春提供丰厚的精神基础
四、拓展延伸——思考(作业)
“如果她没有丢项链,今天又该是什么样子呢?谁知道呢?谁知道呢?生活是多么的奇怪,多么的变幻无常啊!一件微不足道的事可以把你断送,也可以把你拯救出来!”是啊,假如玛蒂尔德没有丢掉项链今天她会是什么样子呢?你在生活中见过类似的事例吗?同学们可以深入的想想
五、总结
莫泊桑说:“我具有一种第二视力,我具有精神的目光”他创作的《项链》时他已经几乎失明,他用精神的目光,看到了玛蒂尔德其实我们去读一读,想一想,也许还可以看得更深一些这节课我们就上到这里
亲情是任何一个价钱都难以去比的。
《最贵的项链》这篇文章让我明白了亲情无价的这个道理。
故事大概讲的是:一个小女孩非常喜欢珠宝店中的蓝宝石项链,她想把这条项链作为生日礼物送给象妈妈一样照顾她的姐姐,可是她却只有几个硬币,店主没有说话,把蓝宝石项链包装好,递给了这个小女孩,小女孩欣喜的回家了,快打烊时来了一位姑娘,她是小女孩的姐姐,她告诉店主,她妹妹买不起这条物真价实的项链,而店主却告诉她:“你妹妹付出了比任何人都高的价钱,因为她付出了自己的一切。
姐姐与妹妹之间的爱会让一个从未认识的店主深深地感动,小女孩的姐姐,为了让妹妹得到爱,倾注了自己所有的.心血,让妹妹得到了妈妈般的爱,给了妹妹一个温暖的家,和一个亲切的环境,而这一切,妹妹都牢牢的记在了心里,为了表达她对姐姐的爱,她记着姐姐的生日,拿出自己所拥有的一切,想为姐姐买一件漂亮的生日礼物,作为她自己对姐姐的爱。
姐妹俩互相的亲情感动了珠宝店的店主,善良的店主满足了这个小女孩单纯的愿望,尽管那条蓝宝石项链要比那几个硬币值钱的多。
这几个硬币是小女孩所拥有的一切,小女孩付出了自己的一切来表达自己对姐姐的爱,可以说是亲情无价呀!
这本曹文轩纯美小说实在太感人了!太让人激动!
大雁飞尽时,青铜家的大房子终于盖成了。大麦地人会时不时的看大房子,他们越看越觉得,这座“金屋”使大麦地最穷的人家开始兴旺了。爸爸爬上屋顶,做了一件让青铜和葵花差点吓破胆的事,爸爸划了一根火柴把火柴扔在屋顶,顿时着起了薄薄的一层小火苗,并迅速从屋顶中间蔓延到屋顶边缘。不过火一会儿就灭了,葵花疑惑不解地问妈妈,火为什么一会儿就灭了,妈妈说“小傻瓜,这草不像麦秸那样一见火就着,这火是烧去草毛、草渣、乱草。
一天葵花听人说马戏团去稻香渡演出。青铜和葵花就去看马戏表演了。大年初一,葵花去表演节目没有一条项链可不好看了。青铜想尽一切办法,终于想出了一个办法,他从房檐上取下几条冰凌放在盘子里,先把冰凌弄碎,又向妈妈要了一根很结实的红线,他又找了一根芦苇,一头对着冰凌吹,青铜把嘴都吹麻了,终于,一个冰项链做出来了,葵花戴着它,演出获得了。
这一张写出了哥哥为了满足妹妹小小的`心愿,会不惜一切代价满足她;青铜做了好哥哥,在那么冷的天气下为妹妹做那宝石般的“冰项链”,多好的哥哥呀!
不为明天做好准备的人是没有未来的,在幼儿园教师的生活工作中,时常需要提前准备资料作为参考。资料一般指可供参考作为根据的材料。参考资料可以促进我们的学习工作效率的提升。那么,你知道有哪些常见幼师资料吗?有请驻留片刻,小编为你推荐高考课件,仅供参考,我们来看看吧!
非谓语动词有三种形式:不定式,动词ing形式(v-ing)及过去分词(ed分词)。
不定式的基本形式是由“to+ 动词原形”构成,其否定形式是not to do,不定式可以带自己的宾语或状语,构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化,不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语,不作谓语。如:
Lucy asked him to turn up the radio.
To make a plan first is a good idea.
1. 动词不定式不失动词的特点,有时态和语态的变化,不定式有六种形式,以write为例:
(1)不定式的时态:
①不定式所表达的动作与谓语动词同时发生或是在谓语动词之后发生,不定式用一般式,如:
It seems that he knows this.
鯤e seems to know this.
I hope that I'll see you again.
鯥 hope to see you again.
②不定式所表达的动作与谓语动词同时发生,并强调动作正在进行的情景,或持续性,不定式用进行式,如:
He pretended that he was listening to English course when I came in.
鯤e pretended to be listening to English course when I came in.
I am very glad that I am working with you.
鯥 am very glad to be working with you.
③不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前,不定式用完成式,如:
I am sorry that I have put you so much trouble.
鯥 am sorry to have put you so much trouble.
It seems that I have met you somewhere before.
鯥 seem to have met you somewhere before.
④如果强调不定式所表示的动作从过去某一时刻起一直持续到某一时刻,不定式用完成进行时,强调动作的持续性,不强调结果。如:
She seems to have been reading the novel for three hours.
The rain was said to have been falling for a week.
(2)不定式的语态:当不定式的逻辑主语与不定式是被动关系时,不定式一般用被动式。如:
This is the plan to be discussed at today's meeting.
The novel is said to have been translated into several languages.
Whether most countries can use natural energy in future remains to be seen.
(1)不定式作主语:
To say is one thing; to do is another.
To read novels is my hobby.
it形式主语常常代替作主语的不定式,而将不定式或不定式短语放在后面。
To talk with him is a great pleasure.
鯥t is great pleasure to talk with him.
To make electricity by building a dam across the sea is possible.
鯥t is possible to make electricity by building a dam across the sea.
注意:①To see is to believe. 主语和表语都是不定式,不能用it代替:It is to believe to see是错误的。
②To answer correctly is more important than to finish quickly. 而finish与finishing放在than后面都是不合适的,因为前面句子的主语是to answer,后面的主语也要是to finish, 保持than前后句子结构平行。
At that time his job was to write reports for the newspaper.
This suit doesn't seem to fit me.
The problems remain to be unsettled.
(3)不定式作宾语:在下列及物动词后,常跟不定式作宾语:want, need, hope, wish, expect, like, hate, try, manage, forget, remember, know, begin, start, intend, plan, mean, pretend, prefer, agree, refuse, learn等。
To keep the water clean, you need to get some under water plants.
I prefer to stay at home rather than go out.
They have decided to visit the nature park for the milu deer.
注意:不定式作宾语时,有时用“it”替换,it为形式宾语,而将真正的不定式作宾语后置,如:
I found to learn English well not easy.
鯥 found it not easy to learn English well.
I feel to help others my duty.
鯥 feel it my duty to help others.
Jim told me to give his best wishes to everyone here.
What caused you to change your mind?
在被动语态was considered后面,不定式为主语补足语接不定式作宾补和主补的动词常有:
ask, beg, cause, call n, help, force, allow, permit, advise, order, get, want, wish, tell
等。
(其中没有hope sb. to do, suggest sb. to do和agree sb. to do)
注意:①不定式作宾语补足语,在部分感官及使役动词后,用不带to的不定式作宾语,常用的动词有:let, make, have, see, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to, feel等,help有无to都可以,如:
The teacher had us recite the text every day.
The boss made his men work all the night.
把上面句子变成被动语态后,不定式成为句子的主语补足语,需带to,即在被动语态中不定式一律带to,不存在省略问题。
注意:②在谓语动词think, consider, suppose, believe, imagine, prove, find等后面跟to be作宾补,不跟to do,但其中有些可跟to have done作宾补。如:
Imagine yourself(to be)in his place.
We found him(to be)honest.
suppose…to be/suppose…to have done.
I suppose him to be about fifty.
We suppose him to have stolen it.
(5)不定式作定语:不定式作定语,有时与前面被修饰的名词逻辑上有动宾关系,如果不定式是不及物动词或所修饰的名词是不定式的地点,工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词,如:
I have a meeting to attend. (attend the meeting)
Pass me a piece of paper to write on. (write on the paper)
在time, place, way后面的不定式省略介词,如:
He had no money and no place to live.
其他不定式作定语情况,如:
I have no chance to go abroad.
They had never moment to rest.
There is a lot of work to do.
=There is a lot of work to be done.
There is no time to lose.
=There is no time to be lost.
但是在下列句子中,不定式主动与被动形式意义不同:
--Have you anything to wash?
--No, nothing. I plan to go shopping.
不定式动作的执行者是you. you wash something
--Have you anything to be washed?
--No, Thank you.
不定式动作的执行者不是you. 是省略了的(…to be washed)by me或by someone else.
I got up early in order to catch the 6∶30 train.
The boy ran all the way so as not to be late.
注意:so as to不能置于句首,in order to可以。
②作原因状语:
He smiled to think of his clever plan.
③在某些形容词后面作状语:
I am glad to see you.
You are sure to succeed.
④作结果状语:
第一, I hurried to the post office, only to find it closed. (出乎意料的结果)
He is too old to read.
The boy is too young to dress himself.
当不定式前的形容词为nervous, pleased, willing, delighted, happy, glad等时,too…to,“to…”可译作肯定,
They are too nervous to leave. 他们急于离开
I am only too pleased to help you.
We are never too old to learn. 活到老,学到老。
第三,形容词/副词enough to do sth.
He was quick enough to catch the ball.
The girl is old enough to go to school.
第四,so…as to/such…as to如此……以致于……
He was so angry that he was unable to speak.
He was so angry as to be unable to speak.
He was such a fool that he believed the cheat.
He was such a fool as to believe the cheat.
⑤不定式作方面状语,不定式作方面状语与句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,不定式多用主动结构,如果不定式为及物动词,后面不必再跟宾语,如果不定式为不及物动词,要用相应的介词,如:
The mountain is difficult to climb. (动宾关系:climb the mountain)
Lesson Two is easy to learn. (动宾关系:learn Lesson Two)
3. 不定式的逻辑主语:不定式的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语,如He seemed to be reading something, 当需要明确指出不定式动作的执行者时,用for/of sb. (sth. )to do sth. 表示,如:
(1)当作表语的形容词表达不定式的逻辑主语的品行,性格,性质时,要用of,常见的这类形容词有:
brave, careful, careless, kind, nice, good, honest, clever, wise, unwise, stupid, foolish, rude, cruel, silly, thoughtful, impolite, polite, right, wrong, 等。这时It+ be+ 形容词+ of sb. /sth. to do sth. 句型,等于sb. /sth. + be+ 形容词to do sth. , 如:
It is very kind of you to say so.
相当于You are very kind to say so.
It is clever of him to win the competition.
鯤e is clever to win the competition.
It+ be+ 形容词+ for sb. /sth. to do sth. 这一句型中的形容词大多为:
easy, important, usual, difficult, hard, possible, impossible, necessary等。这些词只能说明不定式行为的是与非,不能说明不定式的执行者,所以不等于sb. + be+ 形容词+ to do sth. ,如:
1)It is difficult for beginners to read the book.
不能说:Beginners are difficult to read.
但是第一类,即It+ be+ 形容词+ of sb. to do sth. 句型中的形容词,如right, impolite…等如果强调评论人用of,强调评论行为也可用for,应用情况如下:
(1)当sb. 为泛指时,形容词着重评论不定式行为本身,如:
It was not right for the south to break away from the Union.
(2)当不定式为被动语态时,不定式的执行者常常省略,因此形容词只用来评论不定式行为了。
It was unkind for you to be laughed at.
4. 带疑问词的不定式:动词不定式可以和疑问词what, which, how, where, when, whether等连用,构成不定式短语,如:
The question is when to start.
They haven't ageed on whether to build a factory here or not.
what to say.
I don't know what to write about.
how to do it.
注意:没有if to do和why to do.
I don't know why I should do it. (正)
5. 不定式省略“to”的情况:
(1)当and或or连接同一概念的不定式时,或者当它们之间的关系并列一致时,可将and或or后面的to省去,如:
I'd like to go and see a film.
He had to have a job or go hungry.
但是,有时为了表示对照,或加强语气,则不可以省去to,如:
It is easier to say than to do.
(2)不定式在一部分感官或使役动词后面作宾补省略to。
(3)不定式在but(除了……以外),except后面的使用,如果but, except前有行为动词do, but, except后省去to,如:
They had nothing to do but wait for the doctor.
The whole night he did nothing except watch TV.
(4)在固定句型中:would rather do…than do…/prefer to do rather than do:
1)The bus was so crowded that I'd rather walk home than take a bus.
2)I prefer to play tennis rather than(play)basketball.
6. “to”代表整个不定式:有时为了避免重复,省去不定式后面的内容,保留到不定式符号to, 如果是to be,保留到be,如:
--Will you please give him a message when you see him?
--I'll be glad to.
--Would you like to go shopping with me?
有时为了强调,也可以不省略。
Do what he or she tell you to do.
动词-ing形式由动词原形+ ing构成。动词-ing形式起到名词、形容词和副词的作用,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、状语和宾语补足语,但不能单独构成谓语,其构成形式如下,以do为例:
完成时态 having done having been done
Learning English is very important to me.
Having been widened, the road took on a different look.
随着-ing在句子中所做的成分不同,所用的时态和语态有不同的要求,关于-ing的时态和语态的详细使用,在下面ing所作的句子成分中讲述。
1. 动词-ing形式作主语:
Seeing is believing.
有时主语太长,可用it作形式主语,将真正主语放在后面。如:
It is fun swimming in a river or lake in summer.
It is dangerous playing/to play with fire.
但在口语中用动词-ing形式放在句首比不定式多。
Going shopping is a pleasant thing.
②在下列句型中习惯用-ing作主语,不用不定式:
It is no good doing.
It is useless only learning English grammar.
It is no good cutting down the forest.
③在there+ be+ no+ 主语结构中,必须用动词-ing作主语:
There is no telling what will happen in the future.
④主语和表语结构相同,对等。
Seeing is believing.
To see is to believe.
Would you mind my sitting here?
We suggest going out for a picnic on Sunday.
(2)在介词后:
We look forward to seeing you again.
(3)在worth, busy, feel like, look like等形容词后面:
China Daily is well worth reading.
The firefighters were busy putting out the big fire.
They look like winning the relay race.
Suddenly I feel like eating something.
动词-ing做主语或宾语时,一般情况下其逻辑主语为句子的主语,如果需要自己的逻辑主语时,要用物主代词或名词所有格+ 动词-ing,如:
His/Li Ping's coming late, made the teacher unhappy.
Would you mind my/me smoking here?
当动词-ing不在句首时,可用人称代词宾格,名词普通格代替,但逻辑主语为无生命的名词,或泛指时,用普通格,如:
We heard the noise of desks being opened and closed.
3. 不定式与动词-ing作宾语的比较:
(1)在下列一些动词后面常跟动词-ing作宾语,而不跟不定式:
admit, appreciate, advise, avoid, allow, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape,
excuse, face, feel like, finish, fancy, forbid, forgive, imagine, include, keep, mention,
mind, miss, practice, resist, risk, suggest等。如:
He practices speaking English every day.
He admitted having broken the window.
I much appreciate your giving me the chance.
She dislikes doing housework.
He enjoys nothing but playing the computer.
(2)在下列一些动词后只跟不定式,不跟动词-ing作宾语:
want(想要),hope, expect, wish, decide, would like, refuse, manage, pretend, demand,
offer, afford, plan, wonder, intend…等,如:
I am expecting to get a letter from my parents.
We are planning to build another research center.
I'd like to buy a new car made in the U. S. A.
(3)在下列一些动词后面跟不定式或动词-ing形式作宾语,意义不同,如:
I remember doing this exercise before.
我记得以前做过这个练习。
Remember to post the book for me.
记住帮我把那本书寄走。
We shall never forget hearing Jackson singing.
我们忘不了听杰克逊唱歌的情景。
Don't forget to give my regards to them.
I'll try to improve my pronunciation.
我要努力去纠正,提高我的发音。
Since no one answered the front door, why not try knocking at the back door?
既然前门没人答应,为什么不试试后门呢?
I suggest we stop working and have a rest.
我建议我们停下干活,休息一会儿。
They stopped to listen, but there was no more sound.
他们停下来,听一听,再没什么声音。
What do you mean to do with your old bicycle?
你打算如何处理你那辆旧自行车?
I won't wait if it means delaying a week or so.
如果这意味着要推迟一星期左右,那我就不等了。
(4)在love, like, hate, prefer后面跟不定式和动词-ing形式无多大区别,如:
Do you like to eat ice-cream?
I like traveling very much.
I like driving(do drive)fast cars.
(5)在start, begin后面,一般接不定式和动词-ing形式无多大区别,在下列情况下,多用不定式:
①自然界变化:
It started to rain.
Snow started to melt as spring came.
②心理活动,在understand, know, realize等词前面:
I began to understand my mother's feelings.
③begin, start本身为进行时:
Mother was starting to cook in the kitchen when I got home.
(6)在allow, advise, permit, forbid等动词后面,有名词或代词作宾语,用不定式做宾语补足语,如果没有宾语,直接用-ing形式,如:
1)We don't allow parking here.
2)The police don't allow people to park here.
3)He advised me to get an English pen friend.
4)I advise seeing more English films.
(7)need, require, want译作“需要”时,跟动词-ing作宾语,主动表示被动,相当于to be done,如:
The windows require cleaning.
The windows require to be cleaned.
The patient needs operating on at once.
The patient needs to be operated on.
The flowers want watering.
The flowers want to be watered.
(8)在一些固定表达中用动词-ing形式,不用不定式:
can't help doing, be worth doing, devote…to doing, look forward to doing, be/get/become used to doing, object to doing, thank…for doing, excuse…for doing等。
Einstein devoted his life to making a research in science.
I'm looking forward to getting your letter.
We are used to living in the countryside.
4. 动词-ing在句中作表语:
Our plan is setting up a new car factory.
My job is teaching/driving.
这类词作表语,起解释说明主语的作用,主表可颠倒:Teaching is my job. 转换成问句,用what提问:
--What's your job?
--My job is teaching.
--How is your job?
--It is interesting.
--How was your trip?
--It is tiring, but interesting.
5. 动词-ing作定语:
(1)表示被修饰名词的用途:
There are two reading rooms in our school library.
a reading room其含义是A room is used for reading.
The swimming pool in our school is nearly completed.
the swimming pool其含义是The pool is used for swimming.
(2)如果动词-ing形式作定语表示被修饰的名词发出的一个正在进行的动作或某种特征行为,这时被修饰的名词与动词-ing逻辑上有主谓关系,如果是主动关系用doing, 被动关系用done, 或being done表达,另外有时间要求:
第一种情况:主动关系,-ing形式与谓语动词同时进行,或经常发生,用doing,如:
Look at the dancing girl. She is one of my classmates.
Look at the girl who is dancing. ….
China is a developing country.
China is a country that is developing.
注意:①如果动词-ing形式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前,一般不用having done作定语,而用定语从句表达,如:
The teacher criticized the boy having broken the window. (误)
The teacher criticized the boy who had broken the window. (正)
注意:②如果表达的是未来发生的动作,或含有情态概念,用不定式表达,如:
I have a meeting to attend today.
鯥 have a meeting that I will attend today.
Mary is the proper worker to do the job.
鯩ary is the proper worker who can do the job.
第二种情况:被动关系:动词-ing表达的动作与谓语动词同时发生,正在进行,用being done; 发生在谓语动词之前,完成了的动作用done;发生在谓语动词之后,未来的动作,用to be done. 如:
The bridge being built now is two kilometers long.
鯰he bridge that is being built now is two kilometers long.
The bridge built last year is two kilometers long.
鯰he bridge that was built last year is two kilometers long.
The bridge to be built next year will be two kilometers long.
鯰he bridge that will be built next year will be two kilometers long.
6. 动词-ing作宾语补足语和主语补足语:经常在see, hear, feel, watch, notice,
observe, find, get, look at, listen to, keep, leave, send, set, catch等一些动词后面用动词-ing作补语,其中宾语和宾语补足语在逻辑上有主谓关系,如果主谓关系是主动的,又表示动作在进行,或状态的持续,用doing; 如果主谓关系是被动的,又表示动作在进行,用being done,如:
I noticed them repairing the car.
鯳hen they were repairing the car, I noticed.
I noticed the car being repaired.
鯳hen the car was being repaired, I noticed.
如果宾语和宾补是主动关系,又表示动作的全过程,即完成或一般时态,宾补用不定式to do表达(在某些动词后面不定式不带to);如果是被动关系,又表示动作的全过程,即完成时态用done表达,如:
I often notice them repair the car.
I noticed the car repaired.
如果把上述句子变成被动语态,宾语补足语就变成主语补足语了。
7. 动词-ing形式作状语:动词-ing形式作状语时,要求其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语,句子的主语与动词-ing形式逻辑上有主谓关系。如果主谓关系是主动的,用主动语态;-ing动作与谓语动词同时发生用一般式doing, 如果-ing动作发生在谓语动词之前,用完成式having done, 如:
Walking along the street, I met a friend of mine.
相当于When I was walking along the street, I met a friend of mine.
Having finished their work, they had a rest. 相当于After they had finished their work, they had a rest.
如果主谓关系是被动的,用被动语态;-ing动作与谓语动词同时发生,用done;如果-ing动作发生在谓语动词之前,已完成的动作,用被动语态的完成式having been done, 如:
Having been cleaned and decorated, our classroom took on a new look.
相当于After our classroom had been cleaned and decorated, our classroom took on a new look.
Well known for his expert advice, he was able to help many people.
相当于As he is well known for his expert advice, he was able to help many people.
注意:-ing形式做状语时,如果-ing形式需要自己的逻辑主语,人称代词用主格,名词用普通格,如:
Mother/She being ill, he had to stay home to look after her.
It being Sunday, the shops are crowded.
过去分词由动词+ ed构成,起到形容词和副词的作用,在句中可作状语、表语、定语和宾语补足语。过去分词的性质是被动,完成,但有时侧重程度,有时侧重被动,不及物动词变成的过去分词无被动的意义,过去分词形式由动词原形加词尾-ed构成,及部分不规则的词如:done, played.
①侧重程度:
boiling water 沸水 fallen leaves落叶
boiled water 凉开水 frozen chicken冷冻鸡
②侧重主、被动:
a broken glass, a dancing girl, a damaged house.
1. 过去分词的作用:
(1)过去分词作状语:同动词-ing形式作状语一样,过去分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语,如是被动关系,又与谓语动词同时发生,或无一定时间对比,用过去分词,如:
Seen from the top of the mountain, the lake looks like a mirror. (相当于The lake is seen)
相当于When the lake is seen from the top of the mountain it looks like a mirror.
Heated, water can turn into vapor.
相当于If it is heated, water can turn into vapor.
(2)过去分词作表语:
We are interested in science.
(3)过去分词作定语:过去分词作定语,有时间要求,发生在谓语动词之前,即完成的动作,用done,而不用having been done.
The bridge built last year is 2 kilometers long.
People invited to the party are most scientists.
(4)过去分词作宾补:
I noticed the car repaired.
2. 过去分词与动词-ing形式的区别:
(1)作表语和定语的区别:动词-ing形式表示事物对人造成的影响,事物是主动的,常译成令人……,使人……;过去分词表示人对事物的看法产生的心理反应,人是被动的,常译作:感到……如:
The news is surprising.
We are surprised at the news.
这类词很多,如:inspiring, inspired, astonishing, astonished, tiring, tired,
moving, moved, disappointing, disappointed, worrying, worried, encouraging, encouraged, …….
(2)作宾补的区别:宾语与宾补逻辑上有主谓关系,主动用动词-ing或不定式表达,被动用being done或done表达。
We found him standing outside the door.
He found the door locked.
(3)作状语的区别:用作状语的动词,与句子的主语逻辑上有主谓关系、主动用-ing形式,被动用过去分词。
The boy entered the room, followed by a dog.
相当于The boy entered the room and he was followed by a dog.
The boy entered the room, following his father.
相当于The boy entered the room and followed his father.
(4)-ing形式与ed分词都可以作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、结果、让步、程度,如:
Having brought her father back to England, Lucy helped him to get better. (时间)
After she had brought her father back to England, Lucy helped him to get better.
Disturbed by the noise, we had to finish the meeting early. (原因)
We had to finish the meeting early because we were disturbed by the noise.
Born a free man, he was now in chains. (让步)
Though he was born a free man, he was now in chains.
(If) bitten by a snake, you should send for help and not walk. (条件)
鯥f you are bitten by a snake, you should send for help and not walk.
The boy ran in, carrying a ball in his arm. (伴随)
鯰he boy ran in and carried a ball in his arm.
He dropped the plate, breaking it into pieces. (结果)
鯤e dropped the plate and broke it into pieces.
(5)-ing形式与ed分词的否定式,由not+ -ing构成:
Not knowing how to do it, I asked him for help.
2.知人论世,了解两篇短文的作者及写作背景。
过程与方法目标: 1.诵读,在读的过程中把握文意,体悟陶弘景的思想感情。
2.了解文章的意境,培养感知写景类文章中作者思想感情的能力。
情感态度与价值观目标:感受作品中大自然的纯净美好,培养学生热爱祖国河山的感情。
重点:了解文章的意境,培养感知写景类文章中作者思想感情的能力。
难点:诵读,在读的过程中把握文意,体悟陶弘景的思想感情。
“一切景语皆情语”,自然界景象万千,但欣赏者境界、生活阅历、具体的心境的不同,都会触发不同的感受,流露于文字,形成一篇篇脍炙人口名篇,今天我们走进《答谢中书书》,让我们去领略作者所描绘之美景,去品味游者的心境。
陶弘景(456—536年),字通明,号华阳居士,南朝齐、梁时期的道教思想家和医药家。仕齐时,拜为宣都王侍读,左卫殿中将军。入梁,隐居茅山华阳洞。梁武帝礼聘不出,但常以朝廷大事与他商讨。时人称他为“山中宰相”。有《陶隐居集》。
教师指导学生朗读课文,要求读准字音,读通文句,读出节奏、韵律、情调。
(1)教师配乐朗诵,学生听读,掌握字音、节奏。
(2)学生大声朗读,品味四字句的节奏。
(3)选一学生读课文,其余同学点评。
1.学生读课文,口头翻译课文,画出疑难句。
2.桌之间讨论交流,解决疑难问题。教师巡视酌情指导。
3.指导学生积累词语,理解文句。
4.理清思路,指导学生背诵。
明确:《答谢中书书》全文可分三部分。“山川之美,古来共谈”总领全文。中间的写景部分,先仰视“高峰入云”,再俯瞰“清流见底”,再平视“两岸石壁”“青林翠竹”,最后分“晓”与“夕”两层来写。最后以感叹总括前文。
1.He did what he could to help the students.
析:情态动词could后应接动词原形。此句中的不定式符号to似乎应去掉,但实际上,此处的could后省去了原形动词do以免重复,不定式to help the students作目的状语。
2.He told us all what he had seen in the park.
析:先行词为不定代词all时,应用关系代词that引导的定语从句。此句中的what似乎应改为that。但实际上,此处的all为代词,作us的同位语,意为“我们所有人”,what引导一个宾语从句。
3.Judging from his accent,he must be from America.
析:现在分词作状语时,其逻辑主语应与句子主语保持一致。此句中的Judging似乎应改为J udged。但实际上,此处的judging from为现在分词的固定结构,无需考虑其逻辑主语是否与句子主语一致。
4.If he will listen to me,I'll give him some advice.
析:if引导的条件状语从句的动作如尚未发生,其谓语应用现在时而不用将来时。此句中的 will似乎应去掉。但实际上,will在表示意愿、意图、决心时,可用于条件状语从句中。
5.His uncle has come here for seven days.
析:非延续性动词的现在完成时不可与用作时间状语且表示一段时间的for短语连用。此句中的come似乎应改为been。但实际上,此处的for seven days是作目的状语,相当于to sta y (for)seven days。
6.He is too clever not to believe what she said.
析:too…to…结构常用来表达否定意义,意为“太…不…”。此句中的not似乎应去掉。但实际上,too…not to…结构是用来表达一种肯定含义,意为“太…不会不…”。
7.They all think Tom to be a disappointing boy.
析:现在分词作定语或表语,表示事物的性质特征,过去分词作定语或表语,表示人物的心理活动或状态。此句中的disappointing 似乎应改为disappointed。但实际上,现在分词作定语修饰人时同样表示性质特征,意为“使(令)人…”。
8.He asked me what was on on TV that night.
析:具有完全相同的词性和词意的两个词中间如没有连词就不可连用。此句中的两个on似乎应去掉一个,但实际上,此处的两个on各不相同,第一个on为副词,意为“…在进行(上演) ”,第二个on为介词,意为“在…上”。
9.Time should be made full use of to study hard.
析:介词后面应接名词、代词或动名词作宾语,不可接不定式作宾语,此句中的to study似乎应改为studying。但实际上,此处的made full use of 的逻辑宾语是句子的主语time,不定式to study hard 作目的状语。
10.Would you like to have attended the meeting to be held tomorrow?
析:would like后接不定式一般式表示“主语现在或将来想要做某事”。此句中的to have attended 似乎应改为to attend。但实际上,would like后接不定式完成式表示“主语过去本来想要做某事”。
11.The film was so moving it made us moved.
析:so…that…意为“如此…以致”,that引导结果状语从句。此句中的moving后似乎应加上连词that。但实际上,此结构中的that在引导结果状语从句时可被省略。
12.He didn't allow us smoking in the office.
析:动词allow后接不定式作宾语补足语,即allow sb.to do sth.此句中的smoking似乎应改为to smoke。但实际上,此处的allow后是接动名词作宾语,us为smoking的逻辑主语,也可用our替换。
13.He told his brother to try a third time.
析:序数词前应加定冠词表示特指。此句中的不定冠词a 似乎应改为the。但实际上,序数词前也可加不定冠词,表示泛指,意为“又一,再一”。
14.He had a delicious lunch in that restaurant.
析:在一日三餐的名词前通常不加冠词。此句中的不定冠词a似乎应去掉。但实际上,一日三餐的名词前有修饰语时应加冠词。
15.She thinks it is a most interesting book.
析:the most与多音节形容词或副词连用,构成最高级,意为“最…”。此句中的不定冠词a 似乎应改为the。但实际上,a most与(多音节)形容词或副词连用,用来加强语气。most相 当于very,意为“很、非常、极其”。
16.Such little children can't carry the stone.
析:可数名词复数或不可数名词前的形容词为many,few,much,little时,应用so来修饰,而不用such,此句中的such似乎应改为so。但实际上,此处的little不表示“少”而是表示“ 小”。
17.There is no need for you to report it to the teacher.
析:代替不定式短语、动名词短语或名词性从句作句子的形式主语应用it。此句中的There似乎应改为It。但实际上,此处的不定式短语for you to report it to the teacher是作定语,修饰名词need。
18.His tone suggests that he is satisfied with our work.
析:动词suggest后接宾语从句时,从句的谓语应用虚拟语气形式即“(should)+动词原形”。意为“建议”,此句中的is似乎应改为be。但实际上,此处的suggest表示“暗示、表明 ”,宾语从句的谓语应用陈述语气形式。
19.What he enjoys makes us very surprised.
析:动词enjoy后应接动名词作宾语。此句中的makes似乎应改为making。但实际上,此处的 enjoys的宾语是引导主语从句的连接词what,makes作主句的谓语。
20.I'll be very happy if you could come here.
析:在含有从句的主从复合句中,主从句的时态在时间的关系上通常应保持一致。此句中的could似乎应改为can。但实际上,此处的could表示的是一种客气委婉的语气,指的是现在或将来。
21.I think his brother cannot do the work too well.
析:动词think后接否定意义的宾语从句时,通常应将构成否定的副词not移到动词think前 。此句中的cannot似乎应改为can,在think前加don't。但实际上,此处的cannot…too… 尽管形式上是否定的,但却表达肯定的意义,是一种较为特殊的结构,意指“无论…也不为过,越…越…”。
22.-He died last night. -I don't believe it.
析:动词believe后接宾语从句时常常承前省略,若为肯定意义,常被省略成so,若为否定意义,常被省略成not或not…so。此句中的it似乎应改为so。但实际上,此对话的前半部分提供的是一个事实,其后应用it来指代这一事实,表示“难以相信…”,而不是陈述自己的看法或观点。
23.I have read the article in some magazine.
析:some在表示“一些、若干”含义修饰可数名词时,此可数名词应用复数形式。此句中的 magazine似乎应改为magazines。但实际上,some在修饰单数可数名词时,表示“某一个”。
24.He rushed out from behind the door.
析:介词后面通常应接名词、代词、动名词或what从句。此句中的behind似乎应去掉。但实际上,某些介词像from后也可再接一个介词短语,使得语意具体、准确。此处的behind如去掉,则语意不当。
25.He was about to go out at that time.
析:be about to do sth.意为“即将(正要)做…”,其后通常不应再接一个具体的时间状 语,此句中的at that time 似乎应去掉。但实际上,at that time表示的是句子谓语动作发生的时间界限即在“当时”,而不是表示谓语动作发生的时间范围。
26.My brother envies you your good health.
析:动词envy意为“羡慕、嫉妒”,“羡慕你的好身体”从语意上讲完全正确,此句中的you似乎应去掉。但实际上,envy是一个必须后接双宾语的动词。
27.All but he had managed to escape from the fire.
析:介词后接人称代词时应用其宾格形式,此句中的he似乎应改为him。但实际上,介词后面的人称代词如在谓语动词之前,可用其主格形式代替宾格。
28.The student was on his way to see a film.
析:on one's (the)way to …意为“在去…的路上”,其中的to常被当作介词后接动名词 , 此句中的see似乎应改为seeing。但实际上,此处的to也可作为不定式符号,后接动词原形。
29.He wasn't well that day,so that he didn't go there.
析:连词so在连接两个并列分句时,存在着一种因果关系,即前分句为原因,后分句为结果 。此句中的第二个that似乎应去掉。但实际上,so that 这一关联词除了引导目的状语从句外,也可引导结果状语从句。
30.He listened to the teacher nice and carefully.
析:修饰动词应用副词。此句中的nice and 似乎不恰当,应去掉。但实际上,“nice (good fine)+and”是一个特殊的固定结构,用来强调后面的形容词或副词,加强语气,相当于very,意为“很,十分,非常”。
总述: 谓语动词的变化形式取决于时态和语态: 英语的时态有十六种, 中学英语中有十二种常见的时态; 语态有两种, 即主动语态和被动语态
1.在主动语态中, 各种时态的谓语动词的一般形式如下:
现在 do / does am / is / are doing have / has done have / has been doing
过去 did was / were doing had done had been doing
将来 shall / will do shall / will be doing shall / will have done X
如果谓语是be动词, 则可用be动词的适当形式( be / am / is / are / was / were / been)代替以上表格中的黑体字部分. 此外, 过去将来时的形式是: should / would do或should / would be
2.在被动语态中, 各种时态的谓语动词的一般形式如下:
现在 am / is / are done am / is / are being done have / has been done X
过去 was / were done was / were being done had been done X
将来 shall / will be done X shall / will have been done X
另外, 过去将来时的被动语态形式是should / would be done
一.一般现在时:
1.构成: 通常以动词原形表示. 主语为第三人称单数时, 则用动词的第三人称单数形式来表示
2.用法:
a. It is fine today.
b. I am a student.
c. I get up at six every day.
d. My father never takes a bus; he walks to his office.
a. Japan is to the east of China.
b. The sun rises in the east.
c. A horse is a useful animal.
③.表示将来确定会发生的动作(如己安排好或计划好的动作或按时刻表将来一定会发生的动作), 可以这样使用的动词有: go, come, leave, start, arrive等
a. My train leaves at 6:30.
b. The football match is played the day after tomorrow.
a. I will let you know as soon as I hear from him.
b. We will go if it is fine tomorrow.
c. I will be away when he arrives.
d. We shall not begin the discussion until he arrives.
e. Mother, I won’t go out unless you agree.
f. Don’t try to run before you begin to walk.
⑤.在某些以here / there开头的句子中用一般现在时动词表示现在正在发生的动作
a. Here comes the bus.=The bus is coming.
b. There goes the bell.
⑥.在体育比赛过程中, 解说员叙述迅速, 短暂动作时, 可用一般现在时, 表示正在进行的或刚刚发生的动作
a. Ma Lianbao passes the ball to Mu Tiezhu, Mu shoots – a fine shot !
a. When the curtain rises, Juliet is sitting at her desk. The phone rings. She picks it up and listens quietly.
①.表示说话时正在进行着的动作, 或现阶段正在进行而说话时不一定正在进行的动作
a. I am writing a letter.
b. My mother is making a dress these few days.
②.表示即将发生的动作(如在最近按计划或安排好要进行的动作), 常见的有这种用法的动词有: come /go / leave / start / arrive等, 常与表示将来时间的状语连用
a. They are going to Shanghai on Friday.
b. John is coming here next week.
③.现在进行时动词与always, continually, constantly等连用, 表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作
a. The little boy is always asking questions.
b. You are always saying that sort of thing.
④.在一定的上下文中, 前一句用一般现在时动词表述现在发生的事实, 后一句用现在进行时动词来阐述这一事实的原因, 结果, 目的等
a. He frowns. He is worrying about his boy.他皱着眉头, 因为他在为他的孩子担心. (is worrying表示原因)
b. She criticizes him. She is trying to correct his wrong habits. 她批评他, 想纠正他的坏习惯. (is trying表示目的)
c. She lets her child have his own way. She is spoiling him. 她不管她的孩子, 把他惯坏了. ( is spoiling表示结果)
⑤.不表示持续的行为, 而表示知觉, 感觉, 看法, 认识, 感情, 愿望或某种状态的动词通常不用现在进行时, 如: see, hear, smell, taste, recognize, notice, forget, remember, understand, know, believe, suppose, mean, think, love, hate, care, like, dislike, worry, forgive, want, wish, hope, refuse, feel like, belong to , possess, own, have, be, seem等
a. He has gone to Shanghai. ( =He went to Shanghai and he is not here now. )
b. I have opened the window. ( =I opened the window and the window is now open.)
c. The concert has started. ( =The concert started and is now going on. )
d. I have had breakfast. (=I had breakfast and I am not hungry now. )
②.表示开始于过去, 持续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态, 用于延续性动词, 且句中常带有表示段时间的时间状语
a. I have studied English since 1987.
b. He has lived here for two years.
c. He has been ill for ten days.
3.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:
①.现在完成时和一般过去时所表示的动作都发生在过去, 但前者将过去的动作与现在的结果或对现在的影响联系起来, 而后者只限于表示过去的动作本身, 与现在无关
②.现在完成时不能与表明确时间的状语如: yesterday, last year, two days ago, when I came in等连用, 但可与表示不明确时间的状语如: already, yet, sometimes, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever等连用, 也可以和包括现在在内的时间状语如: this morning, today, this week, this year等连用
a. She has already come.
b. I have met him before.
c. Ma Hong has always been a good student.
d. Have you ever been to the Great Wall ?
e. I have seen him this morning.
四.现在完成进行时:
①.它具有现在完成时的特点, 即表示动作发生在过去, 延续到现在或对现在产生影响
②.它具有现在进行时的特点, 即可以表示此动作仍在进行或还会继续
a. Mr. Smith has taught English for twenty years. ( 至今为止教过二十年英语, 至于teach是否结束或是否延续, 不得而知)
b. Mr. Smith has been teaching English for twenty years.( 现在仍在教英语,而且将持续下去)
3.用法:
①.表示现在之前的一段时间里一直进行的动作, 此动可能仍在进行, 也可能刚刚停止
a. I have been reading the book all the morning.
b. He has been staying here for two hours.
c. I have been living in Beijing since 1972.
a. I have been calling you several times in the past two days.
4.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别: 前者着重表示过去动作对现在的影响或结果; 后者着重表示过去动作的持续进行
a. I have written six letters since I got back.我己经写了六封信 (强调结果)
b. I have been writing letter since I got back. 我回家后一直在写信 (强调“一直在写”)
c. I have read this book.我读过这本书了(强调“读过”这一结果)
d. I have been reading this book.我一直在读这本书 (强调“一直在读”)
2.用法:
①.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内发生的动作或情况, 其中包括习惯性动作
a. I met him yesterday.
b. I used to go to school early every morning.
c. He entered the classroom, sat down at his desk and began to work.
d. Last night, I listened to the radio for two hours and went to bed at midnight.
a. Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home.
③.用一般过去时的句子一般有过去的时间状语, 有时也用地点状语暗示动作的发生是在过去
a. Have you seen a pen ? I left it here this morning.
a. This time yesterday we were having an important meeting.
b. A year ago we were living in Shanghai.
②.过去进行时常与always, continually, frequently等词连用, 表示过去经常发生或反复发生的情况
a. The old man was always losing his way.
b. The two brothers were frequently quarrelling.
③.表示过去将要发生的动作, 这一用法仅限于一些表示位置转移的动词, 如: go, come, start, stay, leave等
④.过去进行时经常与一般过去时配合使用, 过去进行时表示过去的时间背景
a. The teacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room.
2.用法:
①.表示过去某时间或动作以前己经完成的动作或己存在的状态, 即“过去的过去”
a. When all his money had gone, Marx had to leave his house in London.
b. Marx had learned some English before he got to England.
c. He said he had never been to Shanghai.
d. By the middle of last month I had lived in Beijing for five years.
②.在带有after / before引导的时间状语的句子中, 由于after / before本身的词义己经表明了时间的先后, 所以这类句子中常用一般过去时代替过去完成时
a. We left the house before it began to rain.
b. I didn’t wait long before he came.
c. After we finished the tea, we all sat on the grass.
d. After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.
八.过去完成进行时:
2.用法: 表示一直持续进行到过去某一时刻的动作, 该动作可能刚刚结束, 也可能还在进行
a. I had been waiting for two hours before the manager came down to see me.
b. By the end of he had been learning English for five years.
1.shall / will do (shall用于第一人称), 此结构表示单纯的将来, 不涉及主语的主观意愿
a. I shall be twenty years old next year.
b. You will meet him at the station this afternoon.
c. The train will arrive soon.
2.be going to do sth, 此结构表示打算最近或将来要做某事, 或说话人根据己有迹象认为非常可能即将发生的事
a. I am going to meet Tom at the station at six.
b. He is going to stay here for a week.
c. Look at these black clouds --- it is going to rain.
d. I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold.
3.be +动词不定式, 此结构表示职责, 义务, 意图, 约定, 可能性等
a. You are to be back by 10 o’clock.
b. There is to be a sports meet next week.
c. We are to meet at the school gate.
4.be about to do sth, 此结构表示“立刻, 马上”要做某事或发生某情况
a. We are about to leave.
b. Autumn harvest is about to start.
a. This time tomorrow we will be talking with the boss about this matter.
b. I will be studying in this university for the next four years.
a. I will be seeing him next month.
b. We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July.
c. He will be arriving at six tomorrow morning.
十一.将来完成时:
2.用法: 表示在将来的某一时刻之前将要完成的动作, 这一动作也可能继续进行
a. By seven o’clock this afternoon we shall have arrived in Shanghai if the train keeps good line.
b. Before noon we will have completed this work.
十二.过去将来时:
a. He said he would go to Shanghai for the holiday.
b. He told me that I should succeed.
a. They were going to have a meeting.
b. The students were going to plant some trees around the playground.
a. We were to finish the work in three days.
b. I was about to go out when a friend dropped in.
2.用法: 过去将来时表示相对过去某一时刻来说将要发生的动作或呈现的状态, 以上各形式的具体用法与一般将来时各形式的用法相似
a. The work must be done right now.
b. That prisoner may be sentenced to death.
a. His bike has been stolen.
b. This window was broken last night.
a. China was liberated in 1949.
b. I was told you were late this morning.
a. The plan has already been made.
b. Yao Ming was elected MVP of the last week.
三.主动句变被动句:
a. The manager gave me ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.
→I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.
2.带有宾语从句的主动句变被动句时, 宾语从句变成主语从句, 通常不位于句首, 句首用形式主语it
a. We can learn from the text that delicious apples are big.
→It can be learned from the text that delicious apples are big.
3.带有双宾语的主动句变被动句时, 将直接宾语或间接宾语变成被动句的主语都可
a. My brother gave me a birthday present.
→I was given a birthday present. / A birthday present was given to me.
4.带有复合宾语 (即宾语+宾补) 的主动句变被动句时, 宾补的形式一般不变, 只是名称变成了主补, 但当宾补是不带to的不定式时, 要变成带to的不定式
a. I saw him play near the river. He was seen to play near the river.
5.含有短语动词的主动句变成被动句时, 不要遗漏短语动词中的介词或副词
a. The children must be taken good care of. / Good care must be taken of the children.
四.应注意的问题:
a. The children were excited at the news.
b. We are interested in the English novel.
c. The mother was worried about her son’s absence.
b. This kind of cloth washed very well.这种布很耐洗
c. This pen writes quite smoothly.这支笔很好使
d. This dish tastes good.这道菜味道不错
e. This kind of cloth feels smooth and soft.这料子摸起光滑柔软
3.不是所有的及物动词都有被动语态, 某些表示状态或关系的动词或短语动词只有主动语态, 而无相对应的被动语态. 常见的这类动词有: cost花费, fit适合, have有, hold容纳, lack缺乏, own拥有, suit适合, fail失败, belong to属于, agree with同意
在很久很久以前,盘古开天地后,诞生了许多掌事者。过去、现在与未来,她们分别掌管着人类过去、现在与未来的事情。她们虽然是姐妹,但小时候关系却并不好,长大后也是各行各素。
女娲造人后,她们三个被分派到了不同时空里掌管事务。过去被分派到了以前的世界里,负责收藏人类的回忆;现在则待在了现实世界里,监管着人们的一举一动;未来呢,被分派到了遥远的未来世界,预知着人类的未来。
过去从不主动与现在和未来联系。现在和未来由于相距甚远,也不常往来。
有一天,现在看见了一个男孩儿。他整天无所事事地玩耍,不是睡觉就是玩游戏,成绩直线下降。现在非常好奇他的未来是怎么样的,但是他又不好意思去找未来询问。
在同一天,未来也看见了一个男孩儿。那个男孩儿黑黝黝的,整天推着沉甸甸的沙石车行走在建筑工地,脖子上随时都搭着一条毛巾,时不时地擦擦汗。未来也很好奇,他现在究竟是什么样的?但他同样不好意思去问现在。
终于,他俩再也忍不住了,异口同声地问道:“带我去看一个小男孩儿吧。”这是他俩第一次心有灵犀、不约而同。
现在先带着未来去了小男孩现在的世界里。未来看到现在的小男孩不思进取、虚度光阴,不由地感叹道:“原来他现在的生活是这样的,难怪……”
接着,未来带着现在来到了小男孩的未来。现在看见了小男孩未来的生活,感慨他未来的生活竟这么惨,但却没有半分同情。想起小男孩现在的生活,他觉得他未来的生活活成如此模样,正是“现在不努力,未来不会陪你演戏。”的真实写照。
他俩一致认为应该给现在的小男孩一点提醒,让他及时醒悟。于是,他们来到了小男孩的身边,发现他正在睡觉。现在拍了他一下,把他拍醒了,未来打开了两界的通道,让未来的小男孩看见了现在的小男孩。
现在醒来的男孩一头雾水,而未来那个被晒得黑黝黝的男孩则慢慢露出笑容,对现在的男孩竖起了一个大拇指,并说道:“加油吧少年,趁现在!”男孩见状,马上用手拍了拍自己的脸庞,幡然醒悟。接着,翻开书争分夺秒地学习了起来。
高考作文拟题技巧教学设计范文
教学目标
1、教授拟题方法,快速准确拟题
2、鼓励创新思维,力求脱颖而出
教学重难点:拟题技巧
教学方法:点评作文标题,提取取标题的方法
教学设计思路:
关于高考作文如何取标题的问题,资料相当多。这也证明了此专题的重要性。但是每一个班都有适合他们自己穿的“鞋子”,我就是想为我现在所带班级找到适合自己的“鞋子”。
拟题时,忌讳很多。但我只讲我们班学生存在的普遍问题;拟题方法也有很多,但我重点讲化用、借用;方法点睛时,可以选用很多的例子,但我只用班上学生自己取得标题。
我通过统计学生最近三次大考中的作文标题,将其列举,让学生自己去评价。一切看似高深的方法,我们都会用。最后让学生实战演练,将白板交给学生。修辞拟题法,作为灵活环节,看上课情况而定。时间宽松多讲点,时间紧张少讲点。文中所用作文材料将一资料的形式放在整篇设计的后面。
课时安排:1课时
教学过程:
一、导入新课(2分钟)
故事激趣:有一位摄影爱好者,拍摄了一幅某少女在树林里撑着伞的镜头,画面、色彩和角度都不错,起名《晨曦》,此稿投向多个杂志社,结果都被退稿。后来有一位专业人士建议作者把题目换为 《有约》。结果不但见诸报刊,还获得了三等奖。
“题高则诗高,题矮则诗矮,不可不慎也””花香蝶自来,题好一半文”那么这次我们结合本次联考作文谈谈如何取标题。
二、三忌(8分钟)
(一)标题忌跑题或偏题(3分钟)
1、亮标题。将本次考试中,同学们的作文标题在多媒体上展现出来。先亮出低分作文标题。
细节决定成败 是金子总会发光 稳中求进
2、讨论原因
本则材料侧重于教练发现了许海峰,因为教练关注细节,许海峰成功了,所以第一个标题有问题
如果没有教练,许海峰的成绩又不是很好,他这块金子将会被埋没,所以第二个标题也有问题。
至于,稳定性,只抓住了材料的枝叶,没有抓住主干。
3、确定正确立意
先有伯乐,然后又千里马 慧眼识人才…
得出结论:标题首先要切题
作文取标题实战演练。通过对三篇学生近期所写的三篇作文取标题,教会学生去一个能让人一见钟情的标题
(二)忌过于宽泛,大而无当(2分钟)
1、亮标题。《谈文明》《文明的意义》(市联考作文题)这类标题,虽然用的人不多,但每一次都有那么几个人。
2、结论:要从自己确立的角度出发,不要题文不符;不能过于宽泛,大而无当要求合理。
(三)忌俗套,千遍一律。(3分钟)
有的人用添加法,结果100份试卷中就由10个人一样或者类似的标题。 我们每一次作文都会给大家一定的`范文,但是有的东西用烂了就不稀罕了。比如上学期,我们见到《莫让浮云遮慧眼》,到现在为止,还有很多同学去仿写。
一模考试中,我们有一位同学去了一个号标题《让完美之花开在缺陷的枝头》 结果在二次联考中出现了若干《让…花开在…枝头》其实别人是模仿2012年江西满分作文中的《辛福之花,开在追去的枝头》或许还有更早的源头。
三、方法点睛(15分钟)
(1)修辞法 巧妙地运用比喻、对比、引用、设问、反问、呼告、对偶、夸张、双关等常见的修辞手法,结合文章的内容进行特殊的加工编拟出标题,可以收到新颖含蓄的独特效果。
比喻,比拟我们同学这几次作文也用得比较多。
《从心做起》《忙,茫,盲》利用谐音双关等等
(2)引用式,化用法。
引用就是把诗词歌曲、名言警句、成语俗语等引入标题上,或略加改造,可以收到翻出新意、出奇制胜的效果。
(3)反弹琵琶新视角
在考场上,我们给作文拟题不但要快,而且要求新求趣,给人耳目一新的感觉。这就要求我们克服思维定式,逆向思考,追求陌生效果,拟出让阅卷教师一见钟情、怦然心动的好标题。
( 4)符号法
《传统都去哪儿了》 《且行且珍惜》
《梦里寻“绿”千百度》 《发展诚可贵,人性价更高》 《且向花间留晚照》(本次适应性考试的标题)
《让文明之花开在文明枝头》 《敢让谦让换新风》
《文明之花别样红》 《天行健君子以文明不息》 《六尺巷》(以上是同学们在九江市联考中取得标题)
《野百合也有春天》 《借我一双慧眼吧》
《莫让瑕疵遮慧眼》 《的卢过檀溪》
《千里马的春天绽放在伯乐的慧眼上》 《其真无马耶》
(以上是针对分宜中学、临川中学等地联考作文取得标题)
四、实战演练
阅读材料,选择一个角度构思,自主立意,写一篇不少于800字的文章。
一头驴子和一匹马到某磨坊去应聘推磨工作。结果,驴被选中,马遭淘汰。 一年以后,这匹马被伯乐相中,成了远近闻名的千里马。
磨坊的主人闻讯以后,后悔不迭地跑去对千里马说:“你如此能干,当初我居然没有聘用你,我真是有眼无珠呀!”
作文取标题实战演练。通过对三篇学生近期所写的三篇作文取标题,教会学生去一个能让人一见钟情的标题
“ 幸亏当初没被你聘用。”千里马说,“不然,我现在就不会成为千里马,而是变成一头推磨驴了!”
1、让学生课上取标题,允许讨论
2、让学生在白板上自由发挥,然后大家一起来探讨标题的可否性。
五、作业布置
根据上述材料,请选择一个角度构思作文,自主确定立意,确定文体,确定标题;不要脱离材料内容及含义的范围作文,不要套作,不得抄袭。
一.假定你的名字叫张明,是一名高二学生。你于6月28日用英语给李老师写了一封信。告诉她,你很喜欢英语。但是觉得单词很难记,并常犯语法错误。你希望老师给你提些建议,以便学好英语。
2、开头语、结束语已为你写好。
Dear Miss Li,
I’m a student in Senior One. I like English very much . But I have a lot of trouble in learning it. I find it difficult to remember English words and I often make lots of mistakes in grammar. Could you give me some advice on how to learn English well?
I’m sorry for giving you so much trouble.
I would be most grateful if you could write to me.
Best wishes!
Yours respectfully,
二.请你按要求写一篇日记(字数60-80)。要点如下:
1、月29日星期五乘车去爬山;2、原定早上8点钟出发,汽车9点钟才到;
3、车在路上出了毛病;4、到达山脚时天下大雨;将近下午5点钟雨才停。
My family and I decided to climb a mountain today. We had planned to set off at eight by bus. For some reason the bus didn’t come until nine o’clock. Unluckily (Unfortunately) for us, something went wrong with the bus on the way to the mountain. But when we arrived at the foot of the mountain, it began to rain heavily. It was nearly five o’clock in the afternoon when it stopped raining. Son we had to come back.
How disappointed I am today!
三.假如你是李刚,你写信邀请你的英国笔友Jackie来参加你班将举办的暑假夏令营(Summer camp)活动,并请他回信告诉你他是否能来。(字数:100字左右。) 内容要点如下:
1.活动时间:7月20日至7月27日; 2.地点:之江渡假村(holiday village);
3.内容:参观杭州风景名胜;语言学习讲座;举办晚会等;
Dear Jackie,
Haven’t been able to write to you for a long time. I wonder how you are getting on recently.
As you know. the summer vacation in China is coming. And the students in our class are going to have a summer camp. Would you please have the pleasure to come and join us? The summer camp is going to be held in the Zhijiang Holiday Village from July 20th to July 27th. In the summer camp,we are going to pay a visit to the places of interest in Hangzhou. And we are going to have talks on the study of languages and have parties as well.
Oh, I’m sorry I have to stop here now. Would you please write to tell me whether you can come and when if you can.
Best wishes.
根据以下提示,以Our Great Country为题,写一篇60-80个词的短文,要求要点齐全,不要逐词翻译。
1.中国位于亚洲东部,是世界上最大的国家之一。
2.首都北京是政治文化(cultural)中心,有许多名胜。
3.伟大的祖国,历史悠久,人口众多,人民勤劳勇敢。
4.我们热爱我们的祖国。
China, which lies in the east of Asia, is one of the largest countries in the world. It is a great country with a long history. Beijing, the capital of China, is the political and cultural centre and has many places of interest. China has a large population and the Chinese people are brave and hardworking. We love our great country.
五.A New Use for Tony‘s Model Plane为题,根据上面图画所
描绘的故事,写一篇80词左右的短文。
A New Use for Tony’s Model Plane
Tony was flying his model plane in the fields. There were
dark clouds gathering in the sky . Suddenly it began to
pour down very heavily . Tony was wet all over and
had to stop flying his plane . But soon the rain stopped.
Tony started to fly his plane again. But this time he used
the cord of his plane as a clothes-line to dry his wet shirt.
So he found a new use for his model plane.
六.你(林兰)去找美国朋友Jenny不遇,留下一张便条。(词数:60-80字)
内容如下:
1. 今晚去蓝石电影院看影片“藏龙卧虎”(Hidden Dragon Crouching Tiger)
3. 在学校门靠附近乘301路公共汽车。在第三个站下车,向前走约5分钟,电影院在大型超市旁边。
Jenny,
I’ve come to tell you that we’re going to see the film Hidden Dragon Crouching Tiger this evening. We will meet at the gate of the Blue Stone Cinema at 7:30. I guess you would like to see the film. You can take a No301 bus near the school gate and get off at the third stop. Then walk straight ahead. It takes about 5 minutes. You’ll see a big super market. The cinema is next to it. You can’t miss it.
内容要点如下:
3. 过程:做准备活动(warm-up exercises):老师讲解并示范; 我紧张而失败;不灰心,反复练习;终于跳过三米。
Yesterday afternoon we had a PE lesson. After warm-up exercises, our teacher told us the way of long jump and showed us how to do it. Then we followed the teacher and practiced one after another. Soon came my turn and I felt a little nervous. I failed the first time but I wasn’t discouraged. I kept on practicing. At last I managed to jump over three metres. From the lesson I came to see that one will succeed if one has perseverance.
八.假定你是张玲,你写信给某报编辑投诉服装质量问题.
内容包括:
1. 上星期天你在红星百货商店买了一件衬衫 2. 洗衣服时发现衬衫腿色
3. 回商店要求换一件,遭拒绝 3. 希望生产长厂家ABC公司关注产品质量
Editor,
I am writing to complain about the poor quality of a blouse produced by the ABC Company.
Last Sunday, I bought a blouse at Red Start, the largest department store in the city. The salesgirl said it was of good quality. But in fact, there was something wrong with it. When I washed it, the colour ran. I went back to the store to change it, but was refused. I felt very disappointed. I do hope the company will pay more attention to the quality of their goods if they want to get into the world market.
Thank you very much.
Yours faithfully,
Our English club has decided to organize a trip to the Nanhaizi Milu Park next Saturday, the 20th of October. We will meet at the school gate at 7:00 a.m. The school bus will leave at 7:15 a.m. Please be there on time.
Please get something ready for a picnic lunch. Be sure to wear strong shoes as we shall do a lot of walking. And don’t forget to bring your cameras.
We hope everyone in our club will join the trip.
Oct. 16.
Dear Li Yun,
Next Monday is my birthday. I’m going to hold a birthday party at home in the evening. It will begin at 7:30. Would you like to come? I’ve also invited some of my classmates and some friends of ours.
Now I live at 12 Guang Ming Road. You can take Bus No.23 or No.45, and get off at the stop of Guang Ming Road. Then walk south for 50 metres. It’s a red house with a white door. You can’t miss it.
I do hope you will come.
Today we had a new English teacher. His name is Zhang Wen. He is a tall, young man with a pair of glasses. He told us that he was glad to teach us English.
When he taught, he spoke English. At the beginning, I found it a bit hard to understand him, but at the end of the lesson I felt much better. I was really happy, because I could not only read English, but also understand English through listening.
In order to help with the study of English, the Students Union will hold an English report next week. We have invited Professor Cook from Sydney University to give us a talk. The lecture is about some features of Australian English. The talk will be given at the Lecture Hall on Oct. 12, starting at 3:30 P.M. Each class may send 10 students to attend the lecture.
Do be there on time.
no smoking , please!
Smoking is a bad habit. It is bad for the health of the smokers themselves and the people who are around them. In fact, many kinds of diseases are caused by smoking. Every year, millions of smokers die from smoking tobacco.
Smoking itself is a waste of money. It costs one so much money. Besides, many fires are often caused by careless smokers.
Young people! Don’t join the group of people in hospital, the group of dying people, because they smoke.
An English summer camp is going to be held in the Dinghu Mountain by the school from Auguest 1 to Auguest 10.
Here are the time tables. In the morning, spoken English and some lectures about western cultures will be arranged. In the afternoon, students are going to take part in some activities such as climbing mountains, swimming, and playing games. In the evening, English activities will be held, at which students will sing some English songs and put on some English plays. Those who want to go to the camp should register from June 25 to June 30 in the teachers’ office.
同学们,我们无不为三峡的雄奇险拔、清幽秀色所陶醉。其实,莽莽神州,茫茫九派,高山大岳,千流百川,我们伟大的祖国哪儿不是神奇如画呢?不信,就请你细细品读陶弘景的写景小品文《答谢中书书》,读完后你一定会觉得江南的山水真是一幅清丽的山水画,是一首流动的山水诗呢!
3、学生交流所查到的资料,教师补充。
陶弘景――南北朝时期的思想家、医学家和文字家。又被称为“山中宰相”。他的《答谢中书书》,描绘山川秀美,清新简淡,为历代写景名作。
“山中宰相”――齐高帝曾经召他进宫陪伴太子读书。后来,陶弘景远离尘世,隐居句曲山(今茅山)。他精通阴阳五行、山川地理、天文气象。梁武帝继位后,他“礼聘不出”。因此,每逢有凶吉、祭祀、征讨大事,朝廷都要派人进山向他请教,故称他为“山中宰相”。陶一生好松。每当轻风吹拂松枝,发出“沙沙”的声响时,他就象听到仙乐一样如痴如狂。有时,他竟一人进山,专去听山野松涛之声,人又称之“仙人”。
2、以同座为单位交流自学情况,疏通文意,提出认为比较重要的或解决不了的词句。
山川之美,古来共谈。高峰入云,清流见底。两岸石壁,五色交辉。青林翠竹,四时俱备。晓雾将歇,猿鸟乱鸣。夕日欲颓,沉鳞竞跃。实是欲界之仙都。自康乐以来,未复有能与其奇者。
1、 以小小组为单位欣赏作者是怎样写景的.(参考《山峡》的各种描写角度)
2、 古人善于从一川一坳之中发现地理形胜之美,在对美的描述之中表达其中的适己之意。想想此文表达了作者怎样的感情?
【其一:山水相映之美。山的峻峭,水的明丽。水的动势给山增加了活力,山的倒影给水铺上了异彩,二者相映成趣。其二:色彩配合之美。两岸石壁,五色交辉;青林翠竹,四时俱备,蓝天作背景,绿水为衬托,绚丽动人,美不胜收。其三:晨昏变化之美。清晨白雾缭绕,似烟似缕,猿啼鸟鸣生机勃勃;傍晚红日西沉,山色苍茫,飞鸟归林,猿猴息树,游鱼跃水。其四:动静相衬之美。高峰为静,流水为动(形体)。林青竹翠为静,五色交辉为动(光色)日出雾歇为静,猿鸟乱史鸣为动;日落山暝为静,游鱼跃水为动(声响)。
总之:先仰视“高峰入云”,再俯视“清流见底”,又平看“两岸石壁”“青林翠竹”,最后又分“晓”,“夕”两层来写,一句一景,次第井然。同时注意了色彩的配合、晨夕的变化,动静的结合等。】
【郦道元抓住江水与两岸高山特征,状物传神,描绘了一幅奇异美妙、既生机盎然又幽深冷静的图画,又于其中寄寓对祖国大好河山的热爱赞美之情。
陶宏景的《答谢中书书》,写的则是普通的山川之美,他状写高峰清流、石壁清林,描摹日光的色彩变化和猿鸣鱼游,都是一些常见之景,但写得清丽自然,自有一股浑然天趣,表露自己居身其中的欢乐、愉悦、悠然自在之情。】
本文和《山峡》一样,四字写景句非常多,试最大化地运用或改用它们说一段话来描绘景物,看谁用得多,用得好。
高峰入云,清流见底。两岸石壁,五色交辉。青林翠竹,四时俱备。
晓雾将歇,猿鸟乱鸣。夕日欲颓,沉鳞竞跃。
两岸连山,略无阙处。重岩叠嶂,隐天蔽日,
夏水襄陵,沿溯阻绝。
春冬之时,素湍绿潭,回清倒影,悬泉瀑布,飞漱其间,清荣峻茂,良多趣味。
1、借助注释和工具书疏通文意,翻译课文,提出认为比较重要的或解决不了的词句。
2、文章主要写了什么景,是怎样写的?
4、 作者的思想感情与《答谢中书书》有什么不同?
下面是栏目小编为您精心挑选的和“高三课件”相关的内容,我们希望这篇文章能够为您的工作和生活带来更多的成就感。新入职的老师需要备好上课会用到的教案课件,每位老师都应该他细设计教案课件。教案是充分发挥教师主观能动性和创造性的必要途径。
藉其深厚的人文素养、纤细的文字敏感,美学大师朱光潜先生在短文《咬文嚼字》中择用若干精当的语言实例深入浅出地将运用文字应有谨严的精神以及必需在创作和阅读中养成随处留心玩索的好习惯等观点令人折服地表达出来。作者认为郭沫若援例把“你有革命家的风度”改为“你这革命家的风度”,似乎改得并不很妥。他还认为韩愈之“敲”是否优于贾岛之“推”也值得商榷。对此,作者说出了一番令人信服的道理。这种独立思考、求真求实的创新精神正是我们当今推行的素质教育的精义所在,非常值得学生借鉴学习。作者对“套板反应”很反感,认为“一个人的心理习惯如果老是倾向套板反应,他就根本与文艺无缘”,而“套板反应”正是许多学生的通病,因此应该作为教学重点。
据此,本文教学目标可确立为以下几个层面:
1、通过对文中有关几个实例的尝试品味,体会斟酌文字与精微准确地传情达意之间的重要关系,从而自觉养成“一字不肯放松”的正确谨严的语文学习习惯。
2、不妨引导学生注意对本文语言的质疑分析,培养求实创新精神。
阅读是一项极具个性化的活动,因此必须放手让学生通过各种形式的动手动脑活动来完成各项教学目标。本文的教学拟采用学生活动的方式进行,活动分为课前准备和课内讨论两大板块。
元代无名氏杂剧《劝夫杀狗》中有:由不得你咬文嚼字。成语“咬文嚼字”既来源此。对这个成语的解释,《现代汉语词典》中云:……;《汉语大词典》中云:……(见教师用书)而我们今天要学习的《咬文嚼字》,则提倡我们要咬文嚼字,那么作者笔下的“咬文嚼字”有什么样新的`意义呢?作者为什么要提倡咬文嚼字呢?
3、在上述讨论基础上列举课外寻找的实例并加以评说。
明确:本问题有一定难度,教师可适当先援引一些学生熟悉的实例先行进行解说,如:
解说:“绿”较之“到”写活了江南的勃勃生机,又流露出喜悦兴奋的心情。
解说:非一“闹”字,不能形容其杏之红,其红之浓。“闹”将无“声”的景象随着上有“声”的意味。日常经验里的视觉、听觉等感觉被彼此打通,多层次地将审美的精微感受传达出来。
最后在总结课内外诸多实例的基础上让学生明确文字和思想感情有密切关系,语言跟思想情感走,更动了文字就同时更动了思想情感。只有刻苦自励,推陈翻新,时时求思想情感和语言的精练与吻合,才会逐渐达到艺术的完美。
五、对本文“咬文嚼字”
第二段2--5:观赏广玉兰(广玉兰花瓣的色泽、质感,花开时的各种形态以及叶片的特点)
作者写广玉兰是因为作者(爱)广玉兰。
喜爱广玉兰什么呢?
我爱广玉兰的幽香与纯洁,更爱广玉兰无比旺盛的生命力。
你对这个“更”字是怎么理解的?
你能在课文中找出作者表现广玉兰无比旺盛的生命力的文字吗?
你能找出表现广玉兰幽香和纯洁的文字吗?
指名读课文第一自然段。
淡淡的幽香,是不是有些重复呢?
你如何理解?
除了幽香,广玉兰给人另一个重要的特点就是--纯洁。而纯洁,就是洁净,就是高雅。
自读课文第二自然段,看看作者的文字能给你怎样的想象空间。
作者在斟酌,在推敲。
你能把那种感觉读好吗?
总之,只凭几个优美的词句是不能概括它的全部内涵的。
面对洁净、高雅的广玉兰,好像我们的作者也觉得词穷了。可是这样一来,反而让我们有一种更想把广玉兰花看个究竟的一种迫切的想法,是不是?
课件出示。
再读课文。
虽然作者左一句无法,右一句无法,但我们看着这广玉兰花,觉得其实作者已经用语言很精确地描述了广玉兰花了。
课文中还有两个自然段,写的是什么?
广玉兰开花有早有迟,在同一棵树上,能看到花开的各种形态。
有些什么形态呢?
自读。边读边想,通过作者的语言描述,你看到了哪些形态不同的广玉兰。
你看到了哪些形态不同的.广玉兰。交流,要求概括。
你看到的形态,如果让你描述出来,让他人也能够感知,你可以怎么做?
这几种形态是不是分批出现的?
所以,远远看上去,一株广玉兰就像是一个数世同堂、生生不息的大家族。
为什么这么说?
比喻句。
总分总结构。
看完了广玉兰的开花,再看看广玉兰的叶片。
另有一番情趣,既然说另有,那肯定已经有,已经有哪番情趣啊。叶子又带给你怎样的情趣呢?
情趣:情调趣味。情调:事物所具有的能引起人的各种不同感情的性质。
红花需要绿叶相配,更显鲜艳,而白花有了绿叶的衬托也能格外皎洁,格外清丽。
看“我爱广玉兰的幽香与纯洁,更爱广玉兰无比旺盛的生命力。”
既然是“更爱”,怎么就写了一个自然段呢,短短的一句话?
再看课文的第三第四自然段。
哪里可以看出旺盛的生命力呢?
找、读。
配乐朗读。
回头看看分段。
知识与技能:
1.能从力作用的效果来理解力的合成和合力的概念
2.能区分矢量和标量,能通过实验掌握力的平行四边形定则,是矢量运算的普遍法则
3.会用作图法求共点力的合力,会计算在同一直线上的几个共点力的合力
4.知道合力的大小与原来两个共点力间夹角的关系,会用直角三角形知识计算共点力的合力
过程与方法
学会设计实验,观察实验现象;和归纳总结的研究方法。
情感态度与价值观
学会运用等效的物理思想来解决问题,同时培养学生实事求是的科学态度。
_学生的思维具有单一性,定势性,并从感性认识向理性认识的转变,本节的重点是通过实例理解力的合成与合力的概念;教学的难点是:对平行四边形定则的理解。
说教法
物理教学重在启发思维,教会方法。学生对二力平衡已有自己的认识,可以作为教学的起点。让学生在教师的指导下,分析什么是共点力,并通过归纳总结区别合力与分力,并通过实验探究力的合成的平行四边形定则,再进一步联系生活,扩展到多个共点力的合成;使学生全面的理解教材,把握重、难点;因此,本节课综合运用直观讲授法、归纳总结和实验探究法并结合多媒体手段。在教学中,加强师生双向活动,合理提问、评价,引导学生主动探索新知识。
说学法
学生是课堂教学的主体,现代教育以“学生为中心”,更加重视在教学过程中对学生的学法指导,引导学生主动探索新知识。本节课教学过程中,在初中的基础上,复习二力平衡,来引导学生学习合力的概念,强调力的合成不是简单的代数相加、减;进而让学生探究力的合成满足怎样的规律?引导学生积极思考、探究平行四边形定则;观察及归纳总结。巧用提问、评价激活学生的积极性,调动起课堂气氛,让学生在在轻松、自主、讨论的学习环境下完成学习任务。
说教学过程
从以上分析,教学中掌握知识为中心,培养能力为方向;紧抓重点突破难点。设计如下教学程序:
1.导入新课:(大约需要5分钟的时间)
投影(展示自然界的平衡之美)让学生体会到力与平衡的现象随处可见,由此激发学生的好奇心和求知欲。把学生的思维带入课堂。
2.新课教学:(大约需要35分钟的时间)
提出问题(什么是共点力)让学生阅读课本在回答问题,教师利用实例讲解共点力的概念,强调几个力的延长线会交于一点就是共点力。
教师复习初中“二力平衡”的有关知识,让学生回顾同一直线上二力的合成;分力、合力的基本概念。教师举例(墙上挂画,一个人提一桶水与两个人合提一桶水等)并作出受力分析的示意图,指出各个作用力并不在同一直线上。怎样进行力的合成?学生思考,讨论。教师提供学生:橡皮筋,测力计,直尺,白纸等让学生阅读82页的实验探究,并进行分组实验。教师指导学生实验,归纳和总结。进而得到:平行四边形定则。教师讲解探究实验中的分力与合力的区别,合力与力的合成的区别。学生通过动手做实验来体验合力的大小与原来两个力大小及夹角之间的关系,使学生更好掌握矢量不同于标量的计算法则。
教师给出例题(水平向右力F1=45N;竖直向上的力F2;用作图法求这两个力合力的大小和方向)让学生分析回答解决问题的思路,教师在进一步的扩展到多个共点力的合成。这样由简单到复杂,符合学生的认知特点。教师总结本节的内容,再进行例题的讲解与巩固,使学生学习的知识具有稳定性。最后布置作业。(在板书方面:教学中将黑板一半写概念,另一半用来作图分析。)
一、教学内容分析
本节内容是学生在学习了乘法原理、排列、排列数公式和加法原理以后的知识,学生已经掌握了排列问题,并且对顺序与排列的关系已经有了一个比较清晰的认识.因此关键是排列与组合的区别在于问题是否与顺序有关.与顺序有关的是排列问题,与顺序无关是组合问题,顺序对排列、组合问题的求解特别重要.排列与组合的区别,从定义上来说是简单的,但在具体求解过程中学生往往感到困惑,分不清到底与顺序有无关系,指导学生根据生活经验和问题的内涵领悟其中体现出来的顺序.教的秘诀在于度,学的真谛在于悟,只有学生真正理解了,才能举一反三、融会贯通.
二、教学目标设计
1.理解组合的意义,掌握组合数的计算公式;
2.能正确认识组合与排列的联系与区别
3.通过练习与训练体验并初步掌握组合数的计算公式
三、教学重点及难点
组合概念的理解和组合数公式;组合与排列的区别.
四、教学用具准备
多媒体设备
五、教学流程设计
六、教学过程设计
一、复习引入
1.复习
我们在前几节中学习了排列、排列数以及排列数公式
定义
特点
相同排列
公式
排列
以上由学生口答.
2.引入
那么请问:平面上有7个点,问以这7点中任何两个为端点,构成有向线段有几条?
这是一个排列问题
若改为:构成的线段有几条?则为,
其实亦可用另一种方法解决,这就是组合.
二、学习新课
探究性质
1.组合定义:P16
一般地,从个不同元素中取出个元素并成一组,叫做从个不同元素中取出个元素的一个组合.
【说明】:⑴不同元素;⑵“只取不排”——无序性;
⑶相同组合:元素相同.
2.组合数定义:
从个不同元素中取出个元素的所有组合的个数,叫做从个不同元素中取出个元素的组合数.用符号表示.
如:引入中的例子可表示为
==这是为什么呢?
因为构成有向线段的问题可分成2步来完成:
第一步,先从7个点中选2个点出来,共有种选法;
第二步,将选出的2个点做一个排列,有种次序;
根据乘法原理,共有•=所以
•判断何为排列、组合问题:利用书本P16~P17例题请学生判断
•这个公式叫组合数公式
3.组合数公式:
如==
用计算器求、、、
可发现==
由此猜想:
用实际例子说明:比如要从50人中挑选4个出来参加迎春长跑的选择方案有,就相当于挑46个人不参加长跑的选择方案一样.“取法”与“剩法”是“一一对应”的.
证明:∵
又,∴
当m=n时,
此性质作用:当时,计算可变为计算,能够使运算简化.
4.组合数性质:
1、
2、=
可解释为:从这n1个不同元素中取出m个元素的组合数是,这些组合可以分为两类:一类含有元素,一类不含有.含有的组合是从这n个元素中取出m(1个元素与组成的,共有个;不含有的组合是从这n个元素中取出m个元素组成的,共有个.根据加法原理,可以得到组合数的另一个性质.在这里,主要体现从特殊到一般的归纳思想,“含与不含其元素”的分类思想.
证明:
得证.
【说明】1(公式特征:下标相同而上标差1的两个组合数之和,等于下标比原下标多1而上标与高的相同的一个组合数.
2(此性质的作用:恒等变形,简化运算.在今后学习“二项式定理”时,我们会看到它的主要应用.
2.例题分析
例1、(1),求x
(2)
(3)
略解:(1)
(2)
(3)
例2、应用题:
有15本不同的书,其中6本是数学书,问:
分给甲4本,且都不是数学书;
略解:(1)
3.问题拓展
例3.题设同例2:
(2)平均分给3人;
(3)若平均分为3份;
(4)甲分2本,乙分7本,丙分6本;
(5)1人2本,1人7本,1人6本.
略解:(2)(3)
(4)(5)
【教学目标】
1、了解作者在文中的观点及骈体文的特点。
2、学习本文将典故与眼前情景相结合的写法。
3、理解文中的典故。
4、掌握“故”“尽”“属”“即”“且”“矣”的用法。
【教学重点】理解典故;理解内容和观点。
【教学难点】骈体文的特点
【教学安排】:3课时
【教学方法】:朗读背诵与赏析相结合的方法。
【教学内容和过程】
第一课时
一、解题:
《滕王阁序》全称《秋日登洪府滕王阁饯别序》,又名《滕王阁诗序》《宴滕王阁序》。
滕王阁因滕王李元婴得名。李元婴是唐高祖李渊的幼子,唐太宗李世民的弟弟,骄奢淫逸,品行不端,毫无政绩可言。但他精通歌舞,善画蝴蝶,很有艺术才情。他修建滕王阁,也是歌舞享乐的需要。
“序”——文体的一种。有书序、赠序、宴集序等。书序是著作或诗文前的说明或评价性文字,本文是饯别序,即临别赠言,属于赠序类的文章。
统观全文,由地及人,由人及景,由景及情,步步递进,紧扣题意。
文因饯别而作,但对于宴会之盛仅略叙数笔带过,而倾全力写登阁所见之景,因景而生之情,这就脱去了一般饯别文章颂扬、应酬的窠臼,辟出了自家新径。
二、背景:
唐高宗十四年,王勃的父亲任六合县县令,王勃赴六合经过洪州。文中“童子何知,躬逢胜饯”可佐证。
还有一种说法,王勃上元二幼年前往交趾看望父亲,路过南昌时所作,序文中内容的博大,辞采的富赡看来,非“童子”之作,而是成年作品,“童子”非小孩,而是“弱冠”二十岁左右之作。课文采用这种说法。
三、时人对王勃的评价:
九月九日都督大宴滕王阁,宿命其婿作序以夸客,因出纸笔遍请客,莫敢当,至勃,泛然不辞。都督怒,起更衣,遣吏伺其文辄报。一再报,语益奇,乃矍然曰:“天才也!”请遂成文,极欢罢。时人认为王勃年轻气盛,才华横溢,挥毫泼墨,而语惊四座。
四、关于骈体文:
骈文,是魏晋后产生的一种新文体,又称骈俪文。南北朝是骈体文的全盛时期。骈体文的表达方式与一般的散文有所不同,语言上有三方面的特点:
1、语句方面的特点,即骈偶和“四六”,又称为“四六文”。
2、是语音方面的特点,即平仄相对。
3、是用词方面的特点,即用典和藻饰。
五、朗读与预习:
1、下列词语的注音释义全都正确的是:(引导学生逐段批注)
A宇文新洲之懿范懿:yi美好
B俨骖騑于上路,访风景于崇阿崇阿:a高大的丘陵
C云销雨霁霁:ji天气晴朗
D逸兴遄飞遄:chuan迅速
2、断句品韵:
A四四对四四:豫章/故郡,洪都/新府“二二式”。
B六字句的断句:
(1、孟学士/之词宗,访风景/于崇阿“三三式”;
(2、临/帝子之长州;穷/待遇之萦回“一五式”;
(3、钟鸣/鼎食/之家;谁悲/失路/之人“二二二式”;
(4、响穷/彭蠡之滨;气凌/彭泽之樽“二四式”;
(5、抚/凌云/而自惜;幸/承恩/于伟饯“一二三式”。
C、七字句的读法(按意义划分):
(1)、襟三江/而带五湖;潦水尽/而寒潭清“三四式”;
(2、)龙光/射/牛斗之墟;宾主/尽/东南之美“二一四式”;
(3、)落霞/与孤鹜/齐飞;秋水/共长天/一色“二三二式”;
(4)、都督/阎公/之雅望“二二三式”
D、四六对四六:渔舟/唱晚,响穿/彭蠡之滨;雁阵/惊寒,声断/衡阳之浦
Exxx对xxx:屈贾宜/于长沙,非无/圣主;窜梁泓/于海曲,岂乏/明时?
F主谓结构相对:雄州/雾列,俊采/星驰。
G动宾结构相对:望长安/于日下,目吴会/于云间。
H偏正结构相对:……钟鸣鼎食/之家,……青雀黄龙/之轴。
六、讲读课文第一段:
(一)第一段中有几个典故(典故分事典和语典,来自史传上的记载称事典,来自典籍上的现成语句叫语典)。
1、豫章故郡(见注释)。
2、龙光射牛斗之墟(见注释)。
3、控蛮荆(见注释)。
(二)补充注释:
1、豫章故郡故:旧
2、地接衡庐接:接壤
3、襟三江而带五湖襟、带:名词用作动词,连接、环绕的意思。
4、雄州雾列,俊采星驰雾、星:名词作状语,像雾一样、像星一样。
教学目的:通过初次接触,了解学生对语文知识的掌握情况,并按照语文高考的要求,为学生制定针对性较强的复习方法。同时,让学生了解,高考语文的相关详细内容。
教学重点:强调提高语文成绩速成方法,增强授课的趣味性。提高学生的学习兴趣和学习的主观能动性。
二、了解学生在语文学习过程中存在的问题,并给予解答。
A.谈谈你对语文课程的.看法?
B.你平时考试的成绩一般是多少?
C.你对自己语文高考成绩的期望值是多少?
D.你喜欢语文课程吗?
1.语言文字运用 6题约16%
4.文学类文本阅读/实用类文本阅读 3题约10%
四、针对江门一中的模拟卷,为学生详细分析如何在短期内提高成绩,突破自我。
1.试题分析。找出得分比较容易的题目,进行强化练习。针对第五大题,进行讲解。引导学生学会得分能力。
2、让学生说出写作的构思(第一次上课,以赏识教育为主导),为学生减低难度
【指导思想】贯彻“三主”思想,即以学生为主体,以教师为主导,以素质、能力培养为主线。
1、 突出散文“形散而神不散”的特点,培养学生初步的文学鉴赏能力。
2、 散文阅读教学过程程序化,教给学生阅读散文的方法。
1、在学生充分预习的基础上,安排一课时。
2、贯彻启发性原则和精讲巧练原则,指导学生阅读。
1、理清材料。
提问:文中依次写了哪些风景?请大家参考课本练习一,各用一个四字短语归纳。
教学设想:(1)此步要求学生在认读和感知课文的基础上初步理清散文所选材料,然后编写出材料提纲。(2)用精练的短语概括材料,具有画龙点睛、提纲挈领的作用,能培养学生的语言概括能力和抽象思维能力。
3、 分析特点。
提问:六幅风景画各写了哪些具体内容?请把写同一内容的风景归纳到一起,将课文分成四部分。
教学设想:启发学生从各个角度比较材料,发现异同点,从选材上感悟散文的.“形散”。
三、领悟“神不散”阶段
1、 找出联系。
提问:六幅风景画紧密相连,是按什么顺序组织在一起的?(练习二)大家可先找出每幅风景后的简短议论,再来思考这个问题。
教学设想:此步目的在于让学生找出文中诸材料间的相互联系从而找出散文的线索,为领会文章中心思想作准备。
2、 明确主旨。
提问:(1)写风景一般是为了写人物,这篇散文中涉及的人物是指哪些人?课文写了这些人哪两方面的内容?(2)这篇课文的主旨是什么?大家可结合课文的预习提示来思考这两个问题。
教学设想:在感悟“形散”的基础上,让学生把握文章的中心思想并领会作者的写作意图,加深对散文“形散而神不散”特点的理解。
教师归纳以上讲到的阅读散文的基本步骤,鼓励学生照此步骤去阅读散文作品。
1. In the cave the two brothers discovered______.
A. a secret art museum B. strange-looking animals
C. nothing but paintings D. lots of paintings and carving
2. After they decided to say the night in the cave, they_____.
A. talked about the discovery B. danced excitedly
C. didn’t feel sad at all D. collected enough food
3. The two brothers thought that it looked as if they had stepped into a secret art museum because______.
A. there was a wall of painted animals in the cave
B. there were so many paintings and carvings on the rock
C. they were examining the pictures like visitors to a museum
D. the cave was like an art museum which only the two boys knew
4. Which of the following statements is NOT correct about the writer’s feelings?
A. He was excited because he wanted to tell about the discovery.
B. He felt sad because he couldn’t tell his family they were safe.
C. He was proud they discovered something of great value.
D. He felt disappointed because the cave would become very noisy the next day.
5. Why did the writer think that they were in a better position than their grandparents?
A. Because they were safe and had made a great discovery.
B. Because their grandparents did not know what was happening to them.
C. Their grandparents were very worried, but in fact they were safe.
D. Because they had discovered such extraordinary paintings in the cave.
1. How did the boys feel when they saw the shapes on the rock?
2. What did the writer do then?
3. What astonished them?
4. Why did they stay the night in the cave?
5. Why did the writer feel excited? And why did he feel sad at the same time?
6. Why did the writer want that moment to continue for ever?
7. What did the two boys imagine would happen?
8. What did they wonder about?
9. How old were those carvings and paintings?
10. What was the headline in the newspaper?
1. I got the radio____ again by twiddling(缠绕)with some wires.
A. to work B. working B. worked C. work
2. Many American women are choosing single life or_____ later in life. They are more independent than women______.
A. get married; used to B. Getting married; used to be
C. marrying; used to D. getting marry; used to be
3. I made a great ______in a second-hand bookshop yesterday and got many old books I had wanted for long.
A. discovery B. find C. looking for D. research
4.When the novel Harry Potter ______, it topped best-seller lists for many months.
A. came across B. printed C. came out D. published
5. Many plant species________ by humans and becoming extinct(灭绝).
C. is destroyed D. are being destroyed
6. The Guinness Book of Records is a reference book that______ all types of records about the world and its inhabitants(居住者).
A. covers B. writes C. obtains D. holds
7. Thin oxygen, strong winds, and awfully cold temperatures make_____
impossible for any animal or plant life to exist on the mountain.
8. Centuries ago, women in Europe ______wear wooden or metal corsets (紧身内衣) to give them thin waists.
A. use to B. used to C. are used to D. were used to
9. Red, often used in fast food restaurants, makes us feel active, _____after we have eaten, we want to get up quickly and leave, thus ____space for more customers.
A. so that; making B. so that; to make
C. however; making D. in case; make
10.In Germany, for instance, ____ there are now very few wolves, a campaign has started to protect wolves.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
11. The successfully man talked about the difficulty ____he managed to collect enough money to start his first company.
A. which B. with which C. with it D. in which
12. _____weather it is, we shall start tomorrow; and I cannot wait any longer.
A. No matter B. What C. Whatever D. Even though
13. ----Have you repaired my watch yet?
----Not yet, but I _____it by 11 am.
A. am repairing B. have repaired
C. will have repaired D. have been repaired
14. It looks as if the rain will continue for some time, but it may____ before dark.
A. turn out B. turn up C. come out D. clear up
15. From 1920 to 1950 many attempts to climb Mount Everest failed _____ the cold and dry air, fierce winds, _____ difficult terrain, and high altitude.
A. as a result B. because of C. so that D. that’s why
eg.Tom was very quiet this morning.
It’s bad manners tokeep silent when the teacher asks you a question.
He stood there still.
The sea is calm now,but it can also be rough sometimes.
He tried tobe calm,but couldn’t.
2)with+n.+doing/done/to do/adj./adv./prep phrase
eg.With the house burnt,he had nowhere to stay.
He can’t fall asleep with the light on.
With the man leading the way,I found the way easily.
With a report tofinish,he had tostay up until midnight.
He can’t be engaged in the work with such a loud noise outside.
eg.The weather has cleared up.
Her face cleared up as she read the letter.
When you finish your meal,please clear up=fix up the kitchen.
The book has cleared up=solved many problems for me.
They have cleared up the misunderstanding between them.
on one’s way;in the way;by the way;by way of
eg.I’m writing a report;don’t be in the way.
He went to Beijing by way of Shanghai.
feel/fight/make/wind/find one’s way
eg.It’s so dark in the cinema that we had to feel our way.
After school,the students made their way=headed for home.
eg.He dog has a keen ~ of smell.
This word has many ~s.
a ~of pleasure/humor/duty/beauty/safety/justice
There is no ~ in doing that.
in a sense/make sense/make sense of
eg.What you say is true in a ~=in some/a way=to some extent.
What you said at the meeting made no ~.
Can youmake ~ of this poem?
in a word=as a rule=on the whole/in words/with these words/by word of mouth/leave word/break one’s word/eat one’s words/waste one’s words/have a word with/have words with=quarrel with
Phrases:
1. the then director of the Guiness Brewery
11. sth be put into different categories
16. blance a thing weighing 100 kilogrammes on his head
17. with an area of about 10 hectares
19. celebrate Hong Kong’s return to China
23.Impressive as the record is, it fades next to the story of Armstrong’s struggle against disease.
24.the then No.1 cyclist in the world
29.the same … that…
the same … as…
eg. This is the same pen as I lost.这只笔跟我丢的那只一样。
This is the same pen that I lost.这是我丢的那只笔。
30.lead sb to do sth导致/带领/使某人做某事
32.be entertained by…
35.make for interesting reading算的上是有趣的读物
39.if all goes well,…
44.on the park’s skating ramp 在公园溜冰场
49.hold a grand opening 举行一个盛大的开幕式
50.see what it was all about 看个究竟
It is fun for sb to do sth 对于某人来说做某事是有趣的
60.a strong feeling of friendship
62.a new generation of sports 新一代的运动项目
时间过得真快,总在不经意间流逝,很快就要开展新的工作了,不妨坐下来好好写写计划吧。我们该怎么拟定计划呢?下面是小编精心整理的高一第一学期工作计划,欢迎大家分享。
一、指导思想
以市、区教研部门的指导意见为依据,全面贯彻学校和学部工作计划,以提高教研质量和教学质量为目标,加强学习、强化反思,推进落实有效教学研究,理直气壮抓质量,聚精会神抓课堂。继续强化“向课堂要质量、向管理要质量、向教科研要质量”的教学管理思路,努力营造浓厚的科研氛围,创设适合学生发展的优质课堂,促进教师整体素质和学科教学质量的提高。
二、工作目标和要求
目标 保三争二创一
(一)加强学习,创建学习型教研组。
(二)落实常规,创建规范型教研组。
(三)开展研究,创建研究型教研组。
(四)注重合作,创建合作型教研组。
要求 学习意识、服务意识、教科研意识、质量意识、合作意识
三、教情和学情简要分析
本组教师共13人,全部为大学本科及以上学历,一个研究生学历,高级教师3人,中级教师7人,初级职称3人。教龄在10年以上的9人。具体任教情况如下:
高一年级备课组长:崔海琼 成员:文玉容、饶俊平、陈道菊、杨菊、张再望
高二年级备课组长:陈钢 成员:吴利英、邓继国、杨菊、肖燕青、饶俊平
高三年级备课组长:邓继国 成员:龚林、周勇、陈用春
学生方面,高一10个班级,高二9个班级,高三7个班级,除个别班级外人数基本都在40人左右,有些班级为40好几,每位老师承担2个班级的英语教学任务。
我们的优势:英语组是一个老中青搭配合理,但又有朝气的学科组,学科组成员都勤学、敬业,充满激情而又勤奋踏实,各项工作都能落实到位。能主动学习新基础教育理论,并积极地运用到自己教学中。
我们的劣势:教师创新意识较薄弱,科研积极性不够高;尖子生太少,后进生太多。
四、工作重点和具体措施
(一) 加强学习,加强课题研究,提高教师理论素养和专业素质
1. 本学期重点学习《新课准》《考纲》和《考试说明》等。认真领悟用以指导平时的课堂教学,以提高课堂教学效率。
2.通过理论学习,不断反思、探索,联系实际积极撰写教学设计、优秀课例、教学论文。
3. 加强个人业务学习,提高专业素质。全组老师多阅读英文版中国日报(China Daily)等,尽量保持和提高自己的专业水平。
4.相互听课,相互学习,取长补短,共同提高。每位教师本学期听课不少于15节,并写出感想或者反思。
5.组织全组教师认真参加市区教研活动,加强同市区教研员及兄弟学校间的交流学习,有效利用英语网站,获取最新最有效的资源和信息。
6. 逐步筹划建立高中部英语备考题库。各年级在平时教学授课训练中及时发现典型训练和模拟题,注意整合,建立题库。
7.做好课型与教学模式的研究。本学期高一高二重点研究新授课,高三重点研究复习课和讲评课。不断反思、不断总结,到学期末上交论文和至少10个课件。加强对教学内容的研究。紧紧把握方向,力求提高备课效率。研究高考题型的变化和发展,关注高考动向,分析最新的高考信息。
8. 开展“网络环境下高中生良好的英语学习习惯的培养”的课题研究。各位老师要通过网络这个方便的平台,培养学生积极向上的人生态度,清晰明确的人生目标,良好的英语学习习惯。实实在在抓学生认真听课习惯、认真记笔记习惯、认真练习习惯,天天有进步,把学生点滴进步化成分数。坚决贯彻 “会做才叫真懂、得分才叫真会”的理念。
(二)扎扎实实规范落实教学常规,全面推进有效教学,大面积提高教学质量
1.进一步抓好"教学常规"的学习和实施工作
组织本组教师再次认真学习教学常规,加强检查督促,使学习常规,实施常规成为全体教师的自觉行动。各备课组每月一次抽查及总体检查教师教案及作业批改等,做好记录。
2.加强集体备课
统一进度,统一资料,统一考察,加强备课的常规管理。
集体备课做到三定:定时间,定内容,定人员;五备:备课标,备教材,备学生,备教法,备学法;特别要备好教学三维目标。
教案是备课的成果,教案的书写要规范。
备课组内教师分工协作,资源共享。
3.做好周测、期中、期末考试双向分析和补缺、补差同学的成绩跟踪,加强周测命题分析的研讨和落实。从中及时了解学生学习的情况,对教学和命题进行调整。建立备课组内教学评价和质量保障体系,以达到自我诊断、自我调解、自主发展的目的。提倡精选习题、精编习题、因材施教。
4.抓好教研组建设。教研组要在落实常规方面发挥重要作用,要做好常规落实的检查、督促工作;要定期组织教学研究活动,围绕相应的研究专题,组织相应的观摩课、研究课,通过研讨、观摩、评议等形式,使本教研组全体英语教师共同提高,人人受益。
5.上好选修课,加强培优补差工作。各备课组在面向全体,整体推进的指导思想下,也要针对个体差异,因材施教教。准确研究学情,制定可行的培优辅差计划,严格实施,注重过程,注重效率,注重效果。对学习有困难的学生给予了更多的关心和尊重,制定有效的教学策略,课前补和课后补相结合,不让一个学生掉队。与此同时,也要瞄准高考,更大面积培养优生,积蓄力量。
6.充分利用早读和晚自习。由备课组长负责,各位老师每周要有简单的早读计划或教案,包括早读内容、学生活动形式。高一高二年级英语早读要求书声朗朗,形成规范习惯。高三年级在前两年已经形成的`良好的早读制度基础上,可视具体情况进行听写,朗读,背诵等多种形式的教学。晚自习个别辅导与集体讲解相结合,留给学生更多自主学习的时间。
7.适量分层布置作业。教师在课堂教学的分层后,把握作业的数量和分层,让学生选择适合自己程度的练习,满足学生的学习需要。多写鼓励性评语,每周有计划地安排一定数量学生进行面批(特别书面表达练习),使得学生的学习困难可以得到针对性的解决,也加深了教师对学生的全面了解,可以及时修正教学策略和内容。要重视作业批改后的情况记载 、及时分析原因,做课堂讲评、查缺补漏。
8.进行深入的课堂反思。经验加反思等于成长,没有反思的经验的是狭隘的,所以全体老师加强进行课前、课中和课后的反思。
课前反思--做好充分的准备,获得专业提升,而不是以往工作的机械重复。
课中反思—有利于及时调整教学行为。
课后反思--发现新的教学契机,为以后上课打下良好的基础
五、加强“新”教师的培养,积极组织学生参加各类竞赛
1、 加强对“新”教师的培养提高工作,“老”教师要经常深入课堂,跟踪听课,使“新”教师尽快成长为本学科教学骨干。建立传帮带制度,以老促新。
2 、指导教师与被指导教师每周至少互听课一次,听课笔记要有标记。师徒要定期写反思与总结。
3、积极组织学生参加各级各类竞赛活动。
伴随新课程的实施,积极开设第二课堂的教学,如进行校本课程的开发与研究,积极开展各种竞赛活动。本学期,各备课组尽可能开展一次竞赛比赛活动。有英语竞赛项目的时候尽量鼓励学生积极参与并努力创设条件。
教研活动做到“三化”,即经常化、专题化、系列化。教研活动要有专题、有记录、有实效。要以案例为载体,以问题为核心,以带着问题实践—反馈—调整—再实践为基本模式,创出本教研组特色。
一、指导思想:
本学期我们英语教研组工作以教务处工作目标为引领,加强教学常规管理;保证并进一步提升教学质量;结合特色高中的创建,发挥本学科的特色,开发相关校本课程。全体教研组老师立足本岗位,落实好教学常规,提优补差,缩小学生或班级之间的差距;加强英语教学理论,教学方法的学习、讨论和实践;积极参加各级各类的线上线下专业培训,不断提升自己的教学能力和专业能力。
二、主要工作:
1、强化教学常规的落实。每月按照教务处的要求,要求组内教师落实好教学五环节,特别抓好“备课”、“上课”、“作业批改”、“课后辅导”等主要环节,加强备课组活动,共同探讨怎样进一步提高课堂效率,减轻学生的学习负担。加强教学内容的实践运用环节,培养学生的学习兴趣,巩固所学知识。鼓励教师充分发挥教学特长,有效提高教学效率。提高作业质量,规范作业批改。按照“有发必收,有收必批,有批必评,有错必纠”的总要求。
2、进一步有序、规范、高效地组织开展教研活动。除了积极参加学习区里组织的教研活动,本教研组也要结合区里的教研主题,开展线上线下的教学研讨活动。教研组活动力求做到计划先行、科学安排、内容充实、组织规范、成效显著,教研组活动记录详实。
(1)本学期的教研主题是群文阅读和群文听力,尤其是高三老师可以在大量阅读训练时,积累相似主题的文章,帮助学生学习相关主题,了解该主题下的语言表达习惯和词汇等。在听力训练方面也是同样的方法,可以先从积累文本做起,配套的音频材料可以先做好标记,然后再进行整合。
(2)认真准备教案,保证课堂效率,每个单元写教学反思对自己的教学不断反思。
(3)结合学校特色高中的建设,开发有本学科特色的拓展课课程和一些活动。
(4)学习新课标。结合上学期两节优秀的市级展示课,开展教学研讨和学习,并且为下学期新高一使用新教材做好转变教学观念和教学方法的准备。
3、全体英语教师都要学习新理论,新知识,提高自身的英语语言和文化水平。尤其在当前高考试题难度加大,考试项目增加的前提下,多学习理论刊物,多学习各种案例,以先进的教育理念指导自己的教育教学实践。本学期要学习新课标的相关文件解读和优秀课例。
4、结合学校特色高中项目的要求,开设“用英语畅谈中西文化”拓展课程,拓宽学生的视野,丰富学生的文化知识,学会用英语表达文化相关的内容。另外可以结合区国际交流中心开展的活动,鼓励学生多参与演讲、戏剧等比赛,先在校内组织参赛,营造学习英语的氛围。
5、继续探索在高考改革背景下的高中英语教学工作。今年的春考英语科目,据学生反映,难度又比去年有所增加。所以随着考试难度的增加,高一高二打下的基础显得尤为重要,其中尤其词汇的积累更加重要。高一高二在词汇板块继续增加复现率,坚持让学生有计划地背词汇手册,同时配合适合的阅读材料,学会运用相关词汇。
6、提高教师的教学效率:
1)课前复习:2分钟预备铃尤课代表带领朗读单词和课文,3分钟巩固复习上一节课的内容(可以抽查同学上黑板默写,或回答问题等方式。)
2)课后提炼:2—3分钟练习并检测本堂课的.重点知识(可在讲课的过程中就将知识点罗列在黑板上,可以回顾知识点,也可以做小练习,如通过填空选择题等加深印象。)
7、提高学生参与课堂的效率:
在课堂上多运用两两合作的形式探讨问题,练习口语表达,这可以提高学生课堂参与率,在大多情况下比小组合作的效率要高。
要求学生记笔记,下课检查后进生的笔记记录情况,以确保其听课效率。
8、根据英语学习的关键是词汇量的原则,提高学习效率:
高一高二年级背词汇手册《及时雨》每周6—8页(注重发音正确,短语和例句的积累)争取能在高三前背完1—2轮。
高一高二在第十二或十三周进行词汇竞赛,题型为根据句子意思填空,有首字母。
高一高二根据学生实际情况,补充阅读材料,提高阅读能力,提高运用词汇的能力。
上好语法新授课和复习课,但是适当精简语法的练习量和语法习题讲解时间。
9、根据语言学习输入输出的原则,以及高考口试的要求,加强听说教学:尤其以朗读教学为根本,鼓励学生多读,多展示。
高一高二抽查学生正确朗读课文的重点段落和单词表,其他学生可以找小组长完成朗读任务。
老师可以在检查完朗读后与学生对话(可以问与课文有关或无关的任何问题),鼓励学生开口大声说英语。其他未被抽到的同学可以与小组长对话,老师规定组长问哪些问题。
总之,这学期时间紧,任务重,高中英语组的老师会按照语言学习的规律,帮助学生循序渐进地学习英语。高一高二会打好基础,关注优等生的同时,更要关注后进生,不让他们掉队。高三老师会保持之前的优势,再接再厉争取取得更大的成果。
一学期来,英语教研组在学校领导的关心指导下,在学校教导处和教研室的督导支持下,以新课程改革为指导思想,以有效教学为重点,努力拼搏,开拓进取,积极开展教学理论学习和课堂教育教学改革,认真学习《新课程标准》,认真学习新的教学大纲,有计划、有目的地开展英语教研活动,充分调动每位教师的积极性,转变教育教学观念,努力提高英语教学成绩。现就本组的工作做以总结。
一、教研组建设
1、加强业务学习力度。重点学习《温州市小学英语教学常规》,并在此基础上制定教学计划和个人研修计划,鼓励教师深钻教学。本学期教研组活动中要求自学研讨,并经常交流心得,形成勤奋好学,积极向上的好风气。
2、发挥骨干力量,注重青年教师培养。在三江名师课堂展示中,潘晓慧老师代表我校进行课例展示,充分展示了我校英语组的对课堂教师的研究与创新理念;名优教师展示活动中,孔赛华老师分别在三、五、六3个年级段展示了对话课、词汇课,充分发挥了我们骨干教师的示范作用和榜样力量;孔赛华和余娟两位分别在在市项目组活动合沈雨名师工作室活动中进行公开教学,得到同行的肯定与赞赏。
3、送教他校,发挥片区教学辐射作用。教研组四位老师潘晓慧、余娟、陈鸯鸯、周蕊在组长的带领下送教娄桥校区和新瓯小学,我么互相交流信息,向同行虚心请教,我们的教学设计得到赞同,我们教师的基本功伸手认可,我们的辐射作用将继续前行。
4、加强教研组凝聚力,培养组内老师的团结合作精神。我们教研组人员少,课时繁多,办公地点分散,老师承担教学任务均很重,因此教研组老师聚少离多。我们努力创造一些机会、增进老师之间的交流、了解,密切联系,并在工作上互相帮助,增进老师之间合作精神,以集体的智慧和力量来完成好各项工作任务。使每一个人倍感集体的.温暖和同事的友爱。
二、常规教学方面
1、认真落实常规教学各项任务
全组教师认真学习、理解学校教学工作计划及各项制度要求,落实在实处。在常规教学检查中,老师的教案规范,备课充分,内容完整。在教学过程中渗透新理念,贯穿新精神、运用新方法,每节课都有新发现,新进步。
2、推出高质量的优质课
余娟和叶晓鸥两位老师在“优课”录像中,以同一话题不同课型的形式,通过读写结合,音形结合,演练结合,多样化的英语学习方式展示词汇课与读写课的教学,提升了学生英语学习能力。
三、教研活动与学生活动
我校英语教研组首次承办省级活动,三江名师小学英语经典优质课教学艺术展活动在我校前汇校区举行,充分展示了我们教研组强大的整体实力水平。我们的课堂设计使每一位学生都得到了较为充分的锻炼和表现的机会,课堂上充满着流动的阳光,平等、和谐与交流共存,发现、挑战与沉思同在。我们学生的英语水平、思维能力无不受到做客老师与听课老师的赞许。
根据语文的学科特点,结合学生的实际情况,特别针对上学期教与学的不知,全备课组老师认真讨论后,形成了本学期的工作计划。
一、教育教学的指导思想
1.以《普通高中语文课程标准》为指导,选用多种教学方式,落实三维教学目标,引导学生进行“自主、合作、探究”式的学习,提高他们的语文能力,增强他的语文素养。
2.贯彻学校的教育目标,着眼学生整体发展,促进学生个体成才,充分发挥学生的主体作用。落实学校的教学要求,注重课堂教学的设计与实施,提高教学效益。
3.落实我校语文组一贯的教育理念,推进“大语文”学习和研究性阅读活动的开展。倡导教师进行教学研究,多出研究成果,促进教师发展。
二、教学目标及工作任务
(一)教学目标
1.提高学生的语文学习兴趣,提升学生的文化品位、审美能力、探究能力、知识视野和精神境界,引导学生热爱汉语,热爱中华文化。
2.培养学生的`语文学习习惯,让他们掌握科学的语文学习方法,提升他们的语文能力,为考试奠定坚实的基础。
(二)主要的工作任务
1.提高学生的语文学习兴趣,继续规范学生的学习语文行为,促进学生快乐自觉地学习语文。
2.根据学生情况,有针对性地开展教学工作,高效完成本期的教学任务,提升学生语文能力,增强他们的语文素养。
3.加强基础练习,改进练习方式,提高学生考试成绩。
4.加强备课工作,通过集体备课促进青年教师的培养。
三、教学工作
(一)必修课
1.阅读教学
本学期使用的是人教社的高中语文必修2,阅读部分共四个单元,主要训练现代散文鉴赏能力,古代诗歌的鉴赏能力、古代散文的阅读能力和演讲辞的阅读鉴赏能力。
(1)进度安排
前半期完成二、一单元,后半期完成三、四单元。
(2)教学要求
a.每周星期五集体备课。每个单元的中心发言人,要详细解说本单元的重点、难点、疑点,要提出教材处理意见。其他老师在听取这些意见后要各抒己见,细致讨论,最终达成共识。
b.按照单元教学要求,在教学中要突出各种文体的特点,引导学生掌握相关知识要点,并引导学生模仿和创作。单元内部的各篇文章可以联系起来,进行比较阅读研究,从而深化对文章和单元要点的把握。每个单元的教学完成之后,组织并指导学生完成单元小结。
c.要提倡“自主、探究、合作”的学习方式。要有计划地引导学生自学,引导他们自主钻研课文,自奋其力,自力得知;要突出研究性学习特点,拓展课堂内容,深化课文理解;要组织合作学习小组,鼓励学生相互切磋,相互讨论。
2.作文教学
作文教学采用课堂定时作文训练和平时练笔两种形式,两种形式各有侧重,互为补充。
(1)课堂作文的训练内容:
a.落实教本上的“表达交流”的训练内容,重点进行描写、抒情、想象能力,训练时分项进行,要求学生逐项达标。
b.强化模仿与借鉴,每次作文都给学生一些写作素材和可借鉴的文章,学生可模仿和借鉴这些文章进行写作,这可提高训练的实效性。
(2)提高学生定时作文的完成速度,在40分钟内能根据要求写出800字左右的文章。
(3)批改及评讲要求
a.作文要及时批改,可调动学生参与作文批改与点评,提高批改实效。
b.重视作文讲评,通过讲评明得失,知方法。要引导学生自批自改。
c.鼓励学生写作文后记,做自我总结。
(4)练笔训练原则上应结合单元教学内容或学习、生活热点进行,也可让学生进行自由写作,教师可做适当指导。
(5)本期拟做大作文4—5次,练笔10次。
(6)收集整理学生的优秀作文,在各班交流。培养学生的文学兴趣,鼓励学生向《语文报》《朝花》等刊物投稿。
3.资料与练习
(1)与教材配套的教辅资料为《三维设计》。课前,要求学生借助该教辅展开预习,课后,将练习分解到每一课时,做到每课有练习,天天有作业,提高练习的针对性和有效性。教师要随时检查督促,及时评讲。
(2)结合学生实际,编制基础知识练习题单,作为周末练习作业和分层推进的材料。利用这些练习来夯实学生的语文基础,突破考试的一个难点,提高学生的语文成绩。
(二)选修课
1.选修教材《中国现当代散文鉴赏》
(1)处理原则:与教本配合,重在积累,大而化之,不求甚解,以此来扩大学生的阅读面,提高学生的语文素养。
(2)教学方式:教师讲解和学生自学相结合
一 确立班级自主管理模式
班级层面干部确立:
干部自我推荐→就职演讲→书面工作设想→交流明确分工上任
中心组确立:
由班级干部推荐产生五名值日班长→一日工作流程落实,明确工作范围:
7:00 到校
7:00—7:10 检查值日工作
7:10—7:20 完成佩戴,交作业、迟到等检查工作
7:20 管理早自修
12:30 管理午自修
课间管理值日生及预备铃
16:20 一日点评,与值周班同学交流
完成工作手册每项记录及一日心得
激励机制:
①班级干部一月民主改选
②产生“中心组值日班长排行榜”末位淘汰改选
二 开展班级文化建设:
模块:
《我型我show》 学生才能展示的平台
《真棒》 个人、集体荣誉展示
《I believe I am fly》 心水之作展台
“生命教育”系列
①“成长的瞬间” 回顾成长历程→以小报形式展示成果
②生命价值探索 确立关键词→小组课题研究→成果展示
“民族教育”
以“长征”为主题,展开主题班会
著名教育家叶圣陶先生说过:"教育是什么,往简单方面说,只有一句话,就是养成良好的习惯。"
作为一名新班主任,我深深懂得,高中阶段是人的成长的关键阶段,也是人的基本素质形成的开始阶段,而良好的班风班貌是各种习惯养成的基础,而一旦形成了一个积极向上的班级气氛,则将使学生在将来的学习道路上受益匪浅。作为担负起着这样一个责任的班主任,应该如何把握好这一关键期?如何整体优化班风班貌?我认为,以良好学习习惯的.养成为突破口,有助于促进班风班貌的整体发展。良好的学习心理品质以及行为习惯的养成对于学生本身,对于形成和完善学生个性,对于提高他们的身心素质,都具有重要的影响。
本学期我打算主要从以下几个方面来组织班级工作:
一.积极加强班风建设,营造良好的学习环境。
一个崭新的班级的成立,首先班风的建设是重中之重,所以应该尽力营造平等、围结、和谐、进取的班级氛围。我计划主要从以下几个方面入手:(1)制定班级公约、一日常规等,让学生具有较强的团队意识和纪律意识。(2)布置教室环境。如设立“艺苑”、“卫生角”、“每日一言”、“感动高一(6)”等文化背景。(3)通过让学生轮流当值日班长,让学生参与班级管理,培养学生的组织能力和责任心,使每个学生都有成功的机会和成就感。培养学生的参与意识,提供显示学生才华的机会,在潜移默化中逐渐形成自理自治能力,体现学生的主体地位,发掘创新精神。
二.指导培养班团干部,培养他们的管理能力。
班团干部是班主任的左右手,而且高中阶段许多学生的管理组织能力开始显露,积极培养这样的人才,不仅有利于班级建设,而且也可以极大地发展他们的潜在能力。所以要认真选拔干部,同时要精心培养干部。第一,帮助班团干部树立威信;第二,鼓励班团干部大胆工作,指点他们工作方法;第三,严格要求班团干部在知识、能力上取得更大进步,在纪律上以身作则,力求从各方面给全班起到模范带头作用,亦即“以点带面”;第四,培养干部团结协作的精神,要能够通过班团干部这个小集体建立正确、健全的舆论,带动整个班集体开展批评与自我批评,形成集体的组织性、纪律性和进取心,亦即“以面带面”。
三. 积极配合各门学科的教学工作,形成较浓的学习氛围。
高中阶段最大的任务还是让每个学生都能各尽其能,各尽其材,使得他们的潜力充分挖掘出来,打下一个扎实的知识基础,考上理想的院校。而高一阶段则是提高他们学习积极性、打好学习基础的关键时期。所以,作为班主任,我会积极配合各学科教学工作的进展,使整个班级形成一个积极向上的学习气氛。
我深感一个具有良好班风班貌的班集体,一定具有凝聚力,吸引力,一定会给学生提供一个良好习惯养成的环境氛围。我希望通过以上三个方面的工作,使我班的班风班貌得整体发展,每位学生都能把班集体的荣誉与自己的行为紧密结合,都想为集体争光。
一、 指导思想
以发展教育的理念为指引,以学校教学工作实施方案为指南,努力推进高中历史新课程改革,构建有科组特色的'新课程体系,改变原有教学观念,改进教学方法,更新教学手段,提高教学效率,努力培养学生自主学习、积极探究、乐于合作的精神,使历史教学科研上一个新台阶。
二、 具体工作
(一)务实创新,进行高中历史新课程改革,以《普通高中课程标准》为引导,结合科组实际,进行教学改革。
高一备课组为实施新课标要求主要做以下几方面工作:
1、学习历史课程标准,明确新课程的具体要求,利用备课组活动时间,认真学习新课程教学理念,探讨,交流教学方法。
2、利用备课组活动时间,开展新课程教学研讨。
(二)坚持不懈做好常规教学,责任落实到人。
1、贯彻教学常规,加强备课组职能,充分发挥备课组在年级教学的核心作用,提高备课效率。
2、充分利用现代教育信息技术优势,促进信息技术与学科整合,更新教学手段,进行一步完善高一课件库建设,积极开发新教材所适应的课件,并作到资源共享。
3、进一步加强备课组教师的团结协作精神,每课的重点,难点,对课标的理解,把握,都要进行交流,明确。
(三)深入开展教学科研:
每位老师在本学期要计划读一本史书,书目如《全球通史》,《文明史纲》等,为讲好专题史作好知识准备。
(四)备课组定期进行集体备课。
定于每周二下午第二节课,就本组的教学活进度,作业布置作统一要求。
一、总体分析
总体来说,这次考试试卷难度较平时练习大点,重点考查学生应该掌握的英语基础知识和基本能力,旨在夯实学生的基础,注重阶段内知识的考查和消化。
从这一次考试能够反映出这一阶段学生的学习和掌握情况。听力、阅读和语法填空得分率比较高,可以看出学生的基础还是比较扎实的;但完形填空、七选五、作文等题的得分率不高,可以看出学生的对能力提升方面的题还是不能够很好的把握。
二、考试成绩分析
听力、阅读理解和语法填空的正确率都比较高,其中语法填空有的同学都能得到满分,可以看出平时的训练还是有效果的;完形填空的得分率较低,一方面是本次试题较难,里面有一些生单词、词组,另一方面也反映出了学生对语篇信息中的逻辑关系作出判断的能力还有待于提高,有的学生看着前面的题太难而自我放弃,有的学生甚至没看题就胡乱选上答案了。
书面表达学生表现一般,较上次期中考试,很多学生对英语的基本句式有初步的认识,运用能力也逐渐提高。有的学生在表达中使用到定语从句或名词性从句等较高级的句式,我觉得对农村中学来说,高一上学期适宜搞一些紧扣教材的句子翻译。
三、教学反思
针对本次考试反映出来的问题,我认为下学期主要抓以下几点:
1、夯实语言基础知识
从学生在单项填空、单词填空部分的反应可以看出,很多学生的词汇和语法知识仍不够扎实,因此,必须在下一阶段的教学中继续强化词汇和语法的灵活运用。
加强学生记忆,多给时间巩固,在平时的课堂中要更多的检查,多种形式抽查单词、词组的掌握情况。
2、加强听力训练
从考生的答题情况看,英语教学中仍存在着听力训练强度不够的问题。我们在前一阶段忽视了学生的'听力训练,应该适当加强一些听力的练习。
3、坚持培养学生的阅读能力
在平时教学中,应争取让学生多掌握一些英语文化背景知识,经常向学生提供一些供其精读或泛读的英语文章,适当加大他们的语言材料输入量,扩大阅读的量和拓宽知识面,培养学生的阅读理解能力,同时引导学生逐步提高阅读速度。
4、加强与学生的沟通交流
平时注意与学生的沟通交流,关注学生成绩的同时,也要关注他们的发展,真正做学生的良师益友。
一、尽快了解学生
1、学情分析:对高一学生来讲,物理课程无论从知识内容还是从研究方法方面相对于初中的学习要求都有明显的提高,因而在学习时会有一定的难度。学生要经过一个从初中阶段到高中阶段转变的适应过程,作为教师要耐心地帮助学生完成这个适应过程。首先要积极培养和保护学生学习物理的兴趣和积极性,加强物理实验教学,培养学生观察与实验的基本素养。其次要注意联系实际,以学生熟悉的实际的问题或情景为背景,为学生搭建物理思维的平台
2、记住学生的名字:我一共教4个班,大概200名学生,我预计在上课后1个月内将90%的学生名记住。并且尽量见人能叫上名。
3、多与学生沟通和辅导。
根据以往的教学经验,发现沟通和辅导可以很好的带动学生的学习热情。并且辅导过程可以纠正学生很多问题,并且还可以及时地发现自己的更多问题,也可以使学生于自己的感情更加密切,从而提高学生对物理的学习热情。而且一对一的教学学生接受的更快。
二、教法分析:
.根据课标要求课改思路,本学期主要的教学方法还是以和学校提出的两课型六环节为主要上课形式。
(一)上好自主课:自主课的设计能够根据学生不同的特点促进每一位学生的发展。
1、前提是做好备课。设置的问题难度适中,有内容。题量要适当。并且能根据不同学生的基础和认知能力,提出不同层次的要求。既要利用新课程选择性的特点为优秀学生的自主学习提供条件,又要关注学习不理想的学生的困难及其成因,采取切实有效的措施,增强学生学习物理的信心。要努力创设有利于学生自主探究的问题情境,制造学生认知上的冲突,引导学生通过自主活动去构建并完善认知结构。
2. 有效监督学生,做好课上辅导。自主学习是通过预习做导学案,阅读是提高自学能力的重要途径,在高一阶段培养学生的自学能力应从指导阅读教材入手,使他们学会抓住课文中心,能提出问题并设法解决.阅读物理教材不能一扫而过,而应潜心研读,边读边思考,挖掘提炼,对重要内容反复推敲,对重要概念和规律要在理解的基础上熟练记忆。由于学生的基础不齐,学习能力也有不同,所以自主课教师要起到作用,不能变成自习课。
3、控制好小组讨论的节奏。小组合作与学生独立思考之间的关系,以及探究学习与接受式学习的关系,使不同的学习方式相互补充、相互促进。有些同学在讨论时混水摸鱼,说话,打闹等影响效果的现象出现。所以老师要控制好课堂,并且掌握好进度。
做好自习课的反馈。通过自主学习学生出现的困难要及时记录,留作二次备课的依据。
(二)上好探究课:探究课一定要处理好学生自主与教师主导之间的关系,小组合作与学生独立思考之间的关系,以及探究学习与接受式学习的关系,使不同的学习方式相互补充、相互促进。防止自主、合作以及探究学习方式的形式化、表面化、极端化倾向。
1、做好二次备课。根据自主课的`反馈,及时对备课进行调整,对自主课中存在的问题和重难点,要在探究课中着重讲解和渗透。
2、把握好学生展示的节奏和课堂进程。相较于传统的教授式教学中,学生听讲的单一过程,而是学生主动获得学习经历的过程,教师以一个交流者的身份出现在课堂上。教师以话题的形式引入教学内容,与学生一起讨论,让学生主动发现问题,总结出结论。但是问题是如何指导学生的考虑从正确地思路出发,不然时间有限,会浪费掉大量的时间。
3、及时做好补充,对于学生理解不准确的,描述错误的要做出规范的示范。并且要求学生答题必须严谨、规范和完善,为此,我们在平时讲解习题时自身做到语言精炼,板书规范,表述完整,言传身教,对学生的作业批改、试卷的评分,也从严要求,严格评分标准,注重答题的要点和文字叙述的规范,专业术语和字符的准确。同时,要求学生在考试中养成画示意图的习惯,学会用示意图建立起思维的平台;训练学生在解题过程中谨慎操作的习惯。
三、课后工作
1、做好反思。
2、要做到课后作业,练习册的及时批改。
3、及时交流,做好课后辅导。
总之,一定要从教材和学生的实际情况出发,按照教学大纲顺应学生思维的发展规律,注重学生良好学习习惯的培养,坚持循序渐进的教学原则,因材施教,才能顺利地完成教学任务
一、指导思想:
转变教育教学观念,提高教育科研水平,深化课堂教学改革,努力培养学生的主体意识及“科学精神和创新思维习惯",全面提高学生的综合素质。本备课组制定工作计划如下。
二、教学内容
本学期教学内容为必修二全册。
三、学情分析
1.学情分析:本届高中生源质量相对较好,但由于现行的高考制度,使得学生普遍不够重视,学生分析问题的水平不高,基础掌握的不够好。
2.教材分析:高一第二学期学习历史必修2“经济文明发展史”,着重反映人类社会经济领域发展进程中的重要内容。经济活动是人类社会生活的重要组成部分。它与社会政治、文化活动密切相关,相互作用。了解中外历史上重要经济制度、经济事件及重要人物,探讨其在人类历史进程中的作用及其影响,汲取必要的历史经验教训。
四、教学目的和要求:
本学期的高一历史备课要做到既有合作又有个性发挥,新老结合,取长补短。本备课组共同承担收集整理教学资料并做到资源高度共享。具体分工是:王维喜老师主要负责网上资源的收集(包括课件、试题练习)整合,同时总管全局,对平常课件制作及测试题把关。张春银老师负责教学资源整合,单元练习、考试题目的编制。每人在讲授新课前认真钻研所担负的内容,并于备课组会上作教材分析发言,同时要在教学该内容期间提供所有材料(教案、课件)供本备课组成员参考。杜绝不加修改的使用别人教案或直接使用从网上下载的教案,要求做到教学资源优化处理。课件主要是为了突破难点而作,应参考一些优秀的资料,借鉴其中认为能更好地帮助学生理解课文的表述、材料或例子,再参考多种版本的课件,取其精华,去其糟粕,创造性地补充一些实际有效的'东西。
五、具体措施:
认真执行学校制定的教学工作常规要求,抓好备课、上课、作业布置、课后辅导、评价及课后笔记等各个环节,规范教学。具体措施如下:
1.充分讨论、精心安排,制订出科学周密的教学工作计划,并指导学生依据自己实际,制订个人学习计划。
2.团结协作,加强集体备课,提高备课质量。做到统一思想、统一进度、统一练习,特别是在备教学目标、备学生练习、备教学方法时能集思广益,取长补短,同时通过集体备课,及时了解教学情况,针对教材的特点,不断地进行探索、改革、创新。(集体备课时间:周四下午第2节课、高一历史组办公室)
3.坚持相互之间多听课、评课,相互切磋、共同探究和提高。
4.着眼新课改,继续加强对新课程改革方面的深入研究。加强新课改理论学习,进一步解放思想,转变观念,努力改变传统的教学理念和教学方式,用新的理念打造新的课堂,用新的思想塑造新的教师,切实提高课堂实效。
5.适当补充课后作业—《评价手册》,坚持做到及时巩固所学内容.
六、教学进度安排
1. 本学期集体备课主备课人任务分工
课题 主备人 课题 主备人
2. 本学期教学计划进度(因放假等特殊情况计划顺延)
繁忙而又紧张的高一第一个学期就这样过去了,迎来了盼望已久的寒假。
时光飞逝,转眼成为高一(2)班的一员已半年多了。回首这半年来各科的学习情况,感受颇多,需要总结的更多。
语文:在上初中的时候,我的语文成绩就一直很好,一直保持到现在。在学完必修1、必修2模块后,我对自己能熟练地背诵课文这方面比较满意,但是在其它方面还是稍有欠缺,比如:回家复习的力度不够,导致一些知识点没有掌握;其次,我对文章的理解还不够,平时应该多做些练习题、多看看参考书上的文言文翻译,以此来增加对文章的理解。
数学:这学期,我觉得数学是我在各科里进步最大的.一门学科。俗话说:“一分耕耘,一分收获”,这也许就是我付出辛苦的回报吧。初中时,我的数学成绩并不好,自己也不去找老师问问题,被老师斥责道:“一瓶子不满,半瓶子晃荡”。高中必修1、必修4比起初中来难度大大增加了,内容也增多了。即使如此,也没有动摇我学数学的意志,我相信在今后的数学学习中,我定会乘风破浪!
英语:学习高中的英语课程我并不吃力,反而我倒觉得简单,也许是在xx我受到的英语强化训练教育的缘故吧,不管怎样说,我不会对英语放松警惕的,因为骄兵必败!
物理:我的物理成绩算不上班里比较好的,但也不是很差,只能说一般。在下学期的学习中,我觉得我应该多向老师和物理学的好的同学多请教请教,多去大办公室问问题。
化学:情况基本与物理相同。只是化学方程式记得有些不清楚,希望下学期在此方面多多努力。
历史:我比较喜欢学历史,因为我对历史比较感兴趣,所以自我评价良好。
地理:相对于其它科,我学地理稍微有些吃力,有些部分掌握得不是特别好,但是我有信心学好地理。
政治:政治后几个星期的课是由xx中老师代的课,期末模块考试前,老师发了5张复习卷子,并画了11道必背题,我都背了,并用在了考试中,所以对政治的学习态度我很满意。
以上是我对高一上学期期末学习方面的个人总结,我不会忘记过去,也不会沉浸于过去,确定未来的发展目标,我对未来充满信心。
一、指导思想
本学期我们以学校的高中语文教研组工作计划为参考,全面贯彻新课改理念,以阅读和写作为重点,积极倡导学生“自主、合作、探究”的学习方式;注重课内外的结合,增加课外阅读量,丰富学生的知识面,全面提高学生的语文素养和审美情趣。
二、主要工作
1.学情分析:本届高一年级共有8个教学班级,大部分同学基础还行,但是阅读能力、分析鉴赏能力及对文章整体感知能力不行,且有相当一部分学生不重视语文。所以,在对学生全面强化督促的同时,如何抓好基础,强化针对性,有的放矢,探索改进讲与练的方法并努力提高效益,就成为本学期教学的重中之重。
2.统一思想,提高认识:教学质量是学校的中心工作,这就要求我们老师打造高效课堂,努力提高课堂教学效率,发挥集体优势,挖掘团队潜力。
3.设计合理、有效的教学过程,精讲重点篇目,以点带面,开发学生的语言潜能,提高语文素养。
4.加强写作训练,注重阅读与写作的联系。课堂写作与课外练笔相结合。本学期完成6次作文。除此之外,每周完成一篇400字以上的随笔,即周记。
5.加强集体备课,充分发挥备课组集体的智慧,提高教学的整体水平。。
6.认真研究新教材,不断反思教学的实效性。
7.在教学过程中,要特别重视语言的感悟、文言的积累、文化的积淀、文学的评鉴等教学要点的夯实。
8、积极参加校内外各类语文教研活动,虚心学习,博采众长,总结经验。
9、作业批改。每周检查一次随笔,大作文认真批改,
要有详细的批注,作文评语突出个性化,有错的地方要求学生及时订正。
10、坚持练字。要求书写工整,写规范字,写正楷字,不连笔,不圈不绕不草,狠抓学生的`学习习惯的培养。
三、具体安排
二月份工作:
完成必修3第4单元诗词的教学,并衔接过渡到第三单元小说阅读的教学,完成一次大作文。。
三月份工作
完成必修3第三单元小说阅读的教学,第二单元科学小品的教学,完成一次大作文。配合学校教导处的公开周公开课相关工作。
四月份工作
完成必修四第四单元文言文的教学,完成一次大作文。复习迎接期中考试。认真组织好期中考试的相关工作。
五月份工作
做好期中考试的试卷评讲和成绩分析工作。开始并完成必修四第三单元的小说教学,完成一次大作文。
六月份工作
完成论语教学,复习迎接期末考试。
七月份工作
做好学期总结工作,布置暑假作业。
一、教材分析
这学期高一学生的教材为苏教版必修一全本和必修二的前三个专题。每个专题一般由导语和两至三个板块组成。导语对专题内容作扼要介绍,每个板块再从不同的角度展示专题的人文内涵,同时提出阅读与鉴赏、表达与交流的具体要求。每个专题都配有写作部分,既有写作指导也有提供选做的作文题。教材各专题涉及青春、读书、梦想、人与自然……等等方面的内容,为学生与母语文化之间,自然之间,社会之间架起了一座桥梁。
二、学情分析
高一上学期,是高中学段的开始,是初高中衔接的重要阶段,也是高中三年语文学习的黄金时段之一。为了让学生顺利实现初高中的过渡,掌握高中语文学习的`思路特点,热爱并投入地学好这门课程,我们要很好地利用好这段时间,培养出基础扎实、能力过硬、素养较高的学生。
三、教学目标
高一语文教学要注重三性:趣味性、基础性和能动性教育教学的趣味性。采用多种活动方式激发学生语文学习兴趣,让学生热爱语文学习。注重教育教学的基础性。研究所教课文的重要基础知识,争取抓得准,不遗漏,落实好。要以后娘之心狠抓基础落实不放松,基础基础再基础,落实落实再落实。
四、提高质量措施
高一教学三条主线:基础知识线、课文讲读线、阅读写作线
1.很抓字词、背诵、翻译等基础知识的落实。
(1)在学习课文时注重基础知识的学习与巩固。
既然我们的主要学习材料是课本,那么我们就要引导学生学习课本中的三大基础知识——字词、背诵和文言翻译,利用背诵、默写、练习等多种方式让学生加以落实,一定要抓牢抓死,不留死角。可以在课前三分钟让学生落实基础知识,可以在和学生交流时让学生背默基础知识,可以在课堂学习中一起学习基础知识,可以在练习中练习基础知识。这是保证高一教学质量的重要一环。
(2)利用“基础知识天天练”搞好基础练习。
语文基础重在积累,语文能力重在运用。积累要天天进行,运用也要日日实施。
“基础知识天天练”系列材料,用B5纸印制,保证每天一张,涵盖字音、字形、词语、病句、标点、翻译、默写等基础知识,训练时段10分钟以内。按照分总的思路编排,先对各个专项进行分解学习与训练,让学生对基础知识有一个系统的认识,知道基础知识的具体内容,在各类材料中学习时能做到有的放矢,然后进行综合训练,检验其综合能力。
2.积极开展读书、纪念、战争、自然、艺术、科学、社会等专题阅读,做到读写一体化。
读书能开拓视野,丰富精神世界,提高文化品位,这毋庸置疑。课程标准要求选好书,读好书,明确要求至少读5本以上的名著及其他读物。高一就要完成这一任务。上学期至少读完两本名著。目前,海量阅读已取得上上下下的共识。在此大背景下,我们要积极开展各种类型的阅读活动,搞好阅读。
3.课文讲读要灵活,基础与阅读并重。
注重课文研读。
《世纪金榜》导学案作为学生学习的配套学案,要引导学生充分自学,该读的要读,该想的要想,该写的要写,该讨论的要讨论,引导学生充分自学,充分展示,充分训练。当堂测试题主要针对每课知识点和能力点进行训练,精心设计,适当拓展,巩固延伸,真正使学案与学生完整的学习流程相吻合。按排序表及时精心地制作学案,定稿前组内讨论,定稿后须经备课组长审核。
五、备课组活动安排
如集体备课、公开课、专题讨论、晒课、磨课等等的活动时间、主题、主讲人、参与人员等
(要有体现新课程学习、理念、选修课开发的内容,建议安排在专题学习中)
在学习上,我认为还有一样东西是非常重 要的,那就是学习态度!我以前对学习的态度不是很端正,常常都是"得过扯过",不过现在好多了,我开始养成一种谦虚、勤问的学习态度。因为我知道学习上的东西来不了弄虚作假,是不懂就不懂,绝不能不懂装懂!要想在学问上有所成就,古今中外所有的成功例子都证明了只要保持这两种学习态度才行。所以,我一有问题就问同学和老师,直到弄懂为止。即使是朋友我也是这样,因为孔夫子说过"三人行,必有我师",我想道理就在这里。
在生活上,我基本上都可以和同学们友好相处,和睦共处,互帮互爱,自己的事情自己做,形成独立自理自立的良好品德。
宿舍是一个大集体,八个人生活在同一个空间里面,但是各自的生活习性都不相,这就需要大家互相理解和迁就,只有这样才能和好相处,为我们的学习创造一个良好的学习和休息环境。这个方面我们宿舍就做得比较好。我初中就已经到外面读书,因此很早就过着一种集体生活,所以我比较会理解别人,当然,我们宿舍的融洽和谐关系还很大归属于我们每一个宿友。
可是最我我觉得自豪的是,进大学以来,我从来没有一次光顾洗衣部,即使是在寒冷的冬天,我也坚持自己洗衣服,不给自己偷懒的机会。因为我知道惰性这样东西是培养出来的,只要不给它一次机会,它就永远没有可能成为现实中的东西了。
还有的是,我在生活中,始终保持干净的作风,做到勤清洁,勤洗手,养成良好的卫生习惯。 在通过学校开展以弘扬和培养民族精神教育中让自己懂得了许多团结、互帮互助的意识,从中我提高了许多知识,了解了一个班级最重要的是团结友爱,这样才能有一个好的班级。
在贯彻执行上海市中等职业学校学生行为规范方面自己很好的做到了遵守校规,做到穿校服,不染发,不带饰品等,能自觉遵守行为规范。
在参加社会实践、校园文化活动中,我能积极参加。在赴外地写生时,能遵守好纪律,认真完成写生,在法制教育中让我懂得了很多的法律知识,深刻的了解到什么该做什么不该做,更加在脑海中深刻的严记着法制的观念,在18岁成人仪式中,我们认真的'宣誓,在那天告别了童年的时光,去真正的向18岁成人迈进,使自己知道了18岁的意义,更了解了自己已经长大成人,在校庆运动会中我积极参加了广播操比赛,认真做好广播操,也在比赛中认真的观赛。
在这学期中,我学习了许多电脑设计的课程,我的学习目的是要认真学习为自己的知识好好增长,人要活到老学到老,所以学习是很重要的,在学习中要不懂就问,绝不能放弃,一定要有好学的精神,在学习中一定要树立了良好的学风,这样才能使自己热爱学习,更能在学习中不断奋发向上,只要努力了,我相信在自己的学习中一定会有好的成果。
这学期已结束了,在学习中有苦也有乐,在中专生活里有许多快乐的时光,在这里我学到了许多的知识,也了解了许多的东西,所以在以后的日子了我要更努力的去学习每一样东西,这样我的人生才是丰富多采的,在人生的乐章中写好每一页,做个优秀的团员,优秀的学生。
不为明天做好准备的人是没有未来的,在幼儿教育工作中,我们都有会准备一写需要用到资料。资料是作用于人类社会实践的一种可供参考的材料。参考资料可以促进我们的学习工作效率的提升。那么,你知道有哪些常见幼师资料吗?有请阅读小编为你编辑的高一的课件,如果对这个话题感兴趣的话,请关注本站。
Type of lesson: Word study
Teaching Contents: Vocabulary: thrill, educate, divide, prevent, risk and it seems/ed.
Teaching Aims:Help the students grasp the usages and meanings of the above words or phrases.
Teaching procedures:
Step I . Present the words to be learned to the students.
Ask the students to discuss in group and get the meanings of the underlined words or phrases
1. Many people come to theme park looking for thrills and entertainment.
2. A good example of a theme park that both educates and entertains is Ocean Park in Hong Kong.
3. The park is divided into two sections.
4. It seems that people just cannot get enough of scary rides and exciting adventures.
5. New technology allows us to experience almost anything without actually being in danger or risking injury.
6. He cut off the electricity quickly and prevented an accident.
Step II: Learn each word in detail
1. thrill
Ask the Ss to read the following sentences and match the underlined words with their proper meanings.
1) The magic of his music continues to thrill audiences.
2) Although Mary has been acting for years, she still get a thrill out of going on the stage.
3) Stories of adventure thrilled him.
A. To give great pleasure to; delight.
B. To cause to quiver, tremble, or vibrate.
C. A sudden strong feeling of excitement and pleasure.
Practice: complete the following sentences.
这位旅行者的经历使我们惊骇不已。
1) The travelers ___________________ his stories. (thrilled us with)
我得知考试及格后很高兴。
2) It ____________________ to know I had passed the examination. (gave me a thrill/ is a great thrill for me)
2. educate
Ask the Ss to read the sentences and discuss the meanings and usages of “educate” in a group of 4.
1) educate sb: 教育,指导某人
School teachers educate children.
2) educate oneself自学,自修
Some children educate themselves because their parents can’t afford them to the school.
3) educate sb about/ on sth 就。。。对。。。进行教育,指导
The campaign will educate the public about the dangers of smoking.
4) be educated for... 为特定目的而提供知识或进行训练,培训
I was educated for an English teacher.
Ask Ss to translate the following phrases.
①自学, 自修educate oneself
②受大学教育; 上大学be educated at [in] a college
③培养音乐兴趣educate one's taste in music
④攻读法律be educated for the law.
⑤大学教a college education.
3. divide
1) 分开;划分(常与in, into连用)
Let's divide ourselves into several groups.
This class is too large; we shall have to divide it for oral practice.
2) 分开把…跟别的东西分开;分离:divide... from...
The teacher divided the boys from the girls for gym class.
3) 分,分食 (常与out连用)
“Children, divide the cake up between / among you.”
4) 除
15 divided by 3 is 5.
Three will not divide into eleven.
5) 使意见不合;使不和
Please don't let such a small matter divide us.
On some minor points members of the committee divide with one another.
Practice:
4. prevent
1) To keep from happening: 预防使防止发生:
It is the job of the police to prevent crime.
The government took steps to prevent the strike.
2) v. intr. To present an obstacle: 阻挠,阻止呈现出阻碍:
There will be a picnic if nothing prevents.
3)stop or hinder(常与from连用)阻止;制止;妨碍
We were prevented by heavy smog from seeing anything.
What prevented you from joining us last night?
4) To come before; proceed. 在…之前在…之前来;先于
Tom’s study always prevents his peers.
Practice: make up sentences according to the given key words and pictures.
Possible answers:
1) Your prompt action prevented a serious accident.
2) Italy famous football flayer Barkier has a leg injury that may prevent him from playing in tomorrow’s game.
3) Class 2’s basketball players tried their best to prevent us from winning.
5. risk
v. Ask the Ss to observe the following sentences and discuss the usage of risk.
1) risk sth
You should not have risked the confrontation with the government.
His action risked a sharp reprisal.
2) risk doing sth
Are you prepared to risk traveling without an guard?
Although he risked getting caught in a storm, Jim kept the appointment on time.
3) risk sth on sth
You’d be crazy to risk your money on an investment like that.
Tom’s Dad is a gambler. He once risked everything on a single throw.
4) risk one’s life
He risked his life when he saved the child from the river.
Martina risked her life to save her dog from the fire.
n. Ask the Ss to translate the risk-phrases in the following sentences.
1) He took a risk when he crossed the old bridge.
2) The firm’s reputation is at risk.
3) Anyone traveling without a passport runs a risk of being arrested.
4) At the risk of sounding stupid, can I ask a simple question?
5) You leave your wallet in the classroom at your own risk.
Practice
Complete the following blanks using what we learned about “risk”.
Last summer vacation, Xiao Ming _________________ (独自冒险旅行)to the Huang Long Virgin Forest. Before his journey, he told his plan to his parents. Xiao Ming’s Dad agreed with him and said: “Being a man, we should ___________(冒险)to become stronger.” But, his mother was worried about him, because she thought Xiao Ming was too young to travel the virgin forest alone and he just____________.(冒生命危险)
Xiao Ming explained his plan and said he had been well prepared. He wouldn’t _________(处于危险中). At last Mum gave in and said: “OK. Be well prepared! Once you are in danger, do call the police and us for help. ”
Three days later, Xiao Ming came back home safely. Although Tom was very tired, he said to his parents: “___________________.(这值得冒险)”
Possible answers:
risked traveling alone, take a risk , risked his life ,
be at risk. It’s worth the risk
6. It seems/seemed...
Ask the Ss to read following sentences and discuss the sentence pattern.
1) it seems that...
It seems to me that it will snow.
It seemed that he was ill. So I called in the doctor.
2) it seems as if/ like / though...
It seems as if it is going to rain.
“At that time, it seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word anyhow.”
3) ...seem + adj.
He seems quite happy.
Mary didn’t seem very sure about tomorrow’s exam.
4) sb/sth seems/ed to be/do/ have done
Danger seems to attend everything they have tried.
I seemed to hear a voice in the distance.
Practice: use “seem” to make up as many sentences as you can according to the pictures.
1)
2)
Practice
Choose the following words or phrases and use their proper forms to fill in the blanks: admire...for..., thrill, educate, divide...into..., base...on..., prevent, risk and it seems/ed.
Ocean Park Hong Kong
Ocean Park, situated on the southern side of Hong Kong Island, is one of the world’s acclaimed _________ theme parks covering more than 870,000 square meters of land. With 24 years of history, Ocean Park has established itself as one of the major tourist attractions in Hong Kong and Asia. Aside from entertainment through _______ rides and a wide variety of shows, the park _____________ its education and conservation programmers.
Ocean Park is divided into two sections: the Headland and Lowland. At the Headland, the visitors can ______ its many rides including the Crazy Galleon, Flying Swing, Raging River, space wheel, and so on. Another attraction is Dolphin Aquarium. Unlike some aquarium where the visitors ____________________ touching the dolphins, it allows the visitors to dive and play with the dolphins. ________________ people just can’t get enough entertainment and education in Ocean Park.
Possible answers:
educational, thrill, is based on, risk,
are prevented from, It seems that
Period 1
I. Teaching Aims:
1. Review the Simple Present Passive Voice and to learn the Present Continuous Passive Voice
It is used for…/ It is being used for…
2. Develop the students’ listening skill by creating an information gap and stimulating their desire to discover things
II. Important points:
1.Words and expressions
2. The Moral Focus: Creative Thinking
III. Difficult points:
the Present Continuous Passive Voice
what ever, where ever, however, whenever, whoever
the usage about dare
IV. Teaching Aids:
A tape recorder, a toothpick, gloves, a sock, a plastic bag , pictures or objects of some daily things like chopsticks, a cell phone, a CD player, a MP3, a computer, a refrigerator, a mirror, a satellite receiver etc.
V. Teaching Procedures:
Step 1 Warming up
Talk about something that is seemingly common and trigger the students to discover something unique by observing carefully and thinking lively.
Create a proper learning environment and get the students geared for the oncoming classroom activities
Brainstorming
Present objects: a toothpick, a sock and a plastic bag
Provoke the students’ thinking by encouraging them to think of the new uses of the above objects
Be ready to accept any offered answers
Try to involve as many students as possible
Step 2 Pre-listening
1. Show pictures of some daily things including one or two but not all of the objects that are to be described
2. Prepare the students for the listening by encouraging them to discover what are being described
Step 3 Listening and Identifying
1. Listen to the tape and identify what is being described.
2. Talk about the possible uses of the described things.
3. Ring a bell to the Simple Present Passive Voice
Step 4 Talking and Guessing
Group work
Divide the whole class into several groups
Think about the objects we use in our daily life.
Describe two or three of the objects to the other groups and see if they can guess what you are describing.
Remember not to make it too easy to guess
Take turns to do the describing and guessing
Use the following structures and questions to help with the description and guessing
It is used for….
It can be found….
It is often seen….
They are made of(from)…
This thing can be put ….
What does it look like? What is it used for?
What is it made of? Who usually uses it?
How do people use it? How does it work?
When is it used? Where do you usually see it ?
Step 5 A Discussion
1. Work in groups of six
2.Discuss about the good impact of one of these things.
3.Each group member contributes some notes to the reporter of the group
4.Report to the whole class
Step 6 Listening in WB
Listen to the tape and fill in the information chart below.
Compare the information with the partner
Step 7 Pair work
Work in pairs.
Look at the space projects below and decide which one is the most useful.
Put “1” in front of the most useful project and “5” in front of the least useful.
Compare answers with the other pairs and explain your choices
Step 8 Summary
Summarize the good impact of all the things described and mentioned.
Think about the potential problems with the things described and mentioned
Suggest solutions to the problems
Homework
Prepare for the talking part in Wb
Period 2
I. Teaching Aims:
Learn phrases and sentences of expressing agreement and disagreement (Absolutely. /That’s exactly what I was thinking. /That’s a good point./ That’s just how I see it./ That’s worth thinking about./ I disagree. /I’m afraid I don’t agree. /Well, it depends. /Well, I don’t know. /Well, I am not sure about that…)
II. Important points:
1. words and expressions
2. To learn how to state one’s points clearly.
3. Moral Focus: Communication and Cooperation
III. Difficult points:
1. Useful expressions for agreement and disagreement
2. Learn the art of persuading
IV. Teaching Aids:
a set of multi-media teaching system, some episodes from Family Album, USA and Mr Bean, some role cards…a toothpick, a sock, a plastic bag , chopsticks, a cell phone etc.…
V. Teaching Procedures:
Step 1 Warming up
Draw the students’ attention by identifying the following statements.
1. The word “boat” can be spelled using four letters from the word “automobile”.
2. 11minutes past 5 o’clock is 48 minutes before 6 o’clock.
3. If you turn a left-handed glove inside out , it will fit on a right hand?
Step 2 Problem Solving
1. Discuss in groups of three about the possible problems with things mentioned the previous day
Examples: chopsticks, car, air-conditioner etc.
2. Provide solutions to all these problems and share opinions with other groups
3.Tolerate different opinions from other groups
Step 3 Listening and Speaking
1.Describe one or two of the teacher’s stressful situations
2. Encourage students to give solutions
3.Exchange ideas with other students
Step 4 Speaking and Acting
Discuss about Jane’s problem and express opinions
Jane wants to buy a cellphone. Before she buys one, she asks her parents and her best friend what they think.
Work in groups of four
Decide which role each group member should play
Take a few minutes to prepare the role cards
Report your decision to the class when you have finished the discussion
Step 5 Looking and Learning
1.Watch some episodes from Family Album, USA and Mr Bean
(《走遍美国》和《憨豆先生》的几组镜头)
2. Recognize more ways of expressing opinions
( Oh, I do so agree. Absolutely right. Definitely. I guess so. I can’t agree with you there. Not really. Not exactly. No way….)
Step 6 Describing and Deciding
1. Encourage the students to disclose their problems by asking
What troubles you most?
What is your problem?
What is your worry?
What upsets you?…
2. Get them to know where to find help by asking
To whom do you usually turn for help?
Where can your problems be possibly solved?
Who can most probably serve as a helper?
(Possible answers: Psychology Center, Hotline Service, Chatting Room, A Radio or TV Chitchat Programs…)
Step 7 Thinking and Judging
Lead the students gradually to the Unit Topic Technology by asking
What do you know about technology?
Why does the government pay so much attention to the development of technology?
Why is technology so important to people’s life?
In what way has it changed or improved people’s life?…
Homework
Profound understanding the positive effect of technology on individuals, nations and even the whole globe by surfing the internet and collecting related information
Hunt for caring stories hailed by technology and share the stories with other students in the next class.
Period 3
I. Teaching Aims:
1. To have a general understanding of how technology has changed the way people live
2.To get a rough idea of the Present Continuous Passive Voice
II. Important points:
1. Words and expressions
2. Present Continuous Passive Voice
3. the Moral Focus: Love & Caring
III. Teaching Aids: a tape recorder, the multimedia teaching system, etc.
IV. Teaching Procedures:
Step 1 Warming up
Greetings
Students’ description of some new inventions accompanied with photos downloaded from the internet
Step 2 Story Sharing
1. Share the caring stories hailed by technology
2. Comment on such stories
Step 3 Presentation
1. Comments on the great impact brought by technology and life in a technological time
2. Discuss these questions with a partner before reading
Have you ever used a cell phone? Do any of your classmates have cell phones?
How is the way we live today different from life in the past?
How have inventions and new technology changed our way of life?
Why are things like cell phones, computers and TV so popular?
What invention do you think is the most important in the human history?
Step 4 Pre-reading
Read the headline and guess the meaning of “Life on the Go”.
What information do you expect to find in the text?
Scanning
Which country does the girl in the passage come from? How do you know?
What is the other example that is being used to support the idea?
Step 5 Reading
Read the first paragraph and answer the following questions
What new invention is being discussed?
What kind of people are being talked about in this passage?
Read the whole text for through understanding and fill out the outline of the text
An Outline of the Text
Wang Mei is an example of Chinese teenagers who have cell phones.
Cell phones can be used for many things.
For Example:__________________________________________
Cell phones also cause problems.
In school___________________________________
At home____________________________________
There are several reasons why teenagers like cell phones.
1)__________________________________________
2)__________________________________________
3)__________________________________________
Wang Mei explains why she likes her cell phone and what she uses it for.
Step 6 Post-reading
Answer the following questions.
Why do some schools not let students use cell phones? Do you agree?
Why do teenagers like cell phones so much?
Wang Mei says that cell phones are the most useful inventions ever. Do you agree?
Which invention do you think is the most useful? Why?
What does the title “Life on the go” mean?
What is the writer’s attitude toward this problem? How do you know?
Step 7 An Activity
Find out how many students have phones in the class
Interview one of them and find out what his or her phone is like. These questions may help you do the interview
What type of phone do you have?
When and where did you buy it?
Who gave you the financial support?
Why do you want to have a phone?
What is your parents’ opinion?…..
Describe the phone and explain the reasons to the whole class
Step 8 A Project
Design your own cell phone. You work for a company that makes cell phones. Your manager wants you to design a new model to increase the sales among Chinese high school students. Work in groups and draw your model.
Advertise your model
These questions may help you do the job
What colour is it?
What size is it?
What shape is it?
What material is it made from?
What features does it have?
How much will it cost?
Let the students make their own choices with reasons available
Homework
Review the words and expressions we have just learned.
Period 4
I. Teaching Aims:
1. To encourage the students to pick out the useful phrases on their own like throughout the world, stay in touch with sb., call for help, in case of emergency, have fun, be cool etc..
2.To fulfill Word Study in the form of a Memory Competition press teenager remind dare emergency dial obey throughout calendar
3.To enable the students to formulate the rules of the Present Continuous Passive Voice ,test out the rules and finally refine their interlanguage
II. Important points:
1. Words and expressions
2. the comprehension of the intergrating skills text.
III. Difficult points:
Practising and using the Present Continuous Passive Voice
IV. Teaching Aids: A tape recorder, a cassette etc.
V. Teaching Procedures:
Step 1 Warming up
Word Game
Work in pairs and make new words
How many words can you make by moving the sides of the box?
S I D R
C O A T
A T O E
P R E M
Examples: STOP ROOM SOAP DATE etc
Step 2 Presentation
Listen to the text again and enable the students to pick out on their own useful words , phrases and sentences
Useful Words Useful Phrases Useful Sentences
emergency stay in touch with sb New functions are being added to the phones
… … …
Talk about the reasons why these words, phrases and sentences are worth their attention
Step 3 Word Study
Match the words and phrases with the meaning on the right
(See Word Study, page 61 )
A Memory Competition
Books closed.
Two Groups Group 1: Girls Group 2: Boys
Two boys and two girls act as secretaries
The group which gets more guesses wins.
Step 4 Grammar
Read the text again and try to identify the sentences that have the similar structure
Words and images are being sent throughout the world.
They are being used as cameras and radios, and to sent e-mail or surf the internet.
New functions are being added to the phones….
Let the students formulate the rules of the Present Continuous Passive Voice through careful observation
Step 5 Pair Work
Test out the rules and get feedback through peer interaction by putting the following into the Present Continuous Passive Voice and change the following sentences into questions, using the Present Continuous Passive Voice (see page 61)
Step 6 An Interview
After studying in the new school for a couple of months, you come across some problems with both your study and your life. In your opinion, the school should put more money in improving both the classroom facilities and dormitory facilities. Therefore, you go to see the headmaster and talk about your personal problems or even complaints.
An Interview
One student act as the headmaster and the other as the student suffering from the problems. The interview takes place in the Headmaster’s office.
Hopefully the student can use such structures as
I am being given too much homework.
We are always being highly controlled by the teachers
Not enough opportunities are being offered to us students
At night, I am frequently being disturbed by the noise from the nearby construction site. …
Personal opinions are to be concluded:
More teaching facilities are being needed
Air conditioners should be added to the dorm in case of hot and humid weather.
A telephone and a computer are also needed…
. Review the expressions of agreement and disagreement
Step 7 Writing
Write a letter to the Headmaster describing the heavy burden given by the school and complaining about the poor studying and living conditions. Personal opinions and suggested solutions are supposed to be included
Put your letter in the Headmaster’s Letter Box
Homework
Finish Part 1&2, p136 in WB
Period 5
I. Teaching Aims:
1. To impress the students with the great impact of technology
2.To use the words and phrases to describe things
(press, teenager, remind, dare, emergency, dial, obey, throughout, calendar, throughout the world, stay in touch with sb., call for help, in case of emergency, have fun, be cool….) To think about the problems caused by technology
II. Teaching Aids:
A cellphone, pictures of a robot and computer, the multi-media teaching system, etc.
III. Teaching Procedures:
Step 1 Warming up
Enjoy some well-selected MTVs
Comments on the producing of these MTVs and the use of new technology
Impress the students with the great impact of technology by displaying Hi-tech achievements.
Ask the students to imagine the future inventions
Step 2 Language Input
Read the passage and think what is missing in this future world?
Imagine that you are one of the students chosen to solve the problem. Write a letter to Q 12 in which you explain love and friendship. Remember that Q12 is a computer that does not understand how human beings feel and what human life is like. Tell Q12 about how we think, how we feel about each other, and try to give examples of love and friendship
Tell your classmates about the examples that you are going to use
A Letter to Q12 Love is the Everlasting Topic of the World. The following may help you with the writing
Step 3 A Design
Work in groups of five.
Work out some regulations for the communities to keep the teenagers away from the Cyber Cafe.
Step 4 Tips for reading
Learn to become a smart reader
Look at page 63 and read these tips. Help the students get better ways in dealing with reading comprehensions.
Step 5 Talking
Modern technology helps us do many of the things we want to do. But technology can also cause problems. What are the advantages and disadvantages of modern technology?
Work together with your partner. Write down the advantages and disadvantages of the following inventions.
Items Advantages Disadvantages
Cellphones 1.Cellphones help us keep in touch with friends and family.
… 1.Using a cellphone is expensive.
2.Overusing it may disturb our work.
…
Robots … …
Computers … …
Discuss about the advantages and disadvantages of modern technology with the help of the lists.
Homework
Finish off the Wb exercises of this unit.
Go over the whole unit and the grammar focus.
Period 5
一、Teaching Content
Unit 13 Word study; Grammar
二、Teaching Goals
1. Review the text learnt in the last period including useful words and expressions.
2. Learn how to use “had better”, “should” and “ought to ”while giving advice.
三、Teaching Important Points:
1. How to guess the missing word according to the given sentence.
2. Let the students learn how to give advice or opinion about something, especially master how to use “ should, ought to , had better and their negative forms” to give advice.
四、Teaching Difficult Points
1. How to help the students to understand the Grammar.
2. How to correctly use “should, ought to , had better and their negative forms” to give advice.
五、Teaching Methods:
1. Review method to consolidate the words and phrases last 4 periods.
2. Explanation methods to make the students master the Grammar.
3. Individual, pair work to make every student work in class.
六、Teaching Aids
1. A projector
2. The blackboard
七、Teaching procedures
Step 1 Greetings
T: Good morning! My boys and girls!
T: Sit down, please!
Step2 Word study
T: We’ve learned something about diets. As we all know, we’d better eat healthy food and eat less junk food. In this way, we can keep up with the high pace of modern life.
T: Ok. Please open your books on page 5. On the top of it there are some words and phrases in the form. I am sure you have all finished the homework yesterday.
1unit13.5. (2)
Ss: …
T: Nutrient diet vitamin
Mineral fat sugar
Protein calory
Step3 Grammar
T: In the third period(the part of Speaking ), we’ve learned some useful expressions to express suggestions.
T: We suppose that you are a doctor, and you should give some advice to patients.
T: Ok. Let’s review these useful expressions about suggestions:
1. I advise you to…
2. You’d better …
3. I think you should…
4. Why not…? Why don’t you…?
5. I suggest you should …
T: Now I want you to translate these Chinese sentences into English. Maybe, you can use these expressions.
我们不应该怎么粗心。
We shouldn’t ought not to be so careless.
你应该尊敬爷爷。
You shouldought to respect your grandfather.
他最好别脱他的衣服。外面很冷。
It’s very cold outside. You had better not take off your coat.
我们最好还是穿上我们的大衣。天气很冷。
It is freeze. We had better put on our coat.
T: Very good. We often give some persons advice or our opinions about something. In such a situation, we often use these Modal Verbs.
T: go back to your textbook. Look at the grammar: Modal Verbs-----had better, should, ought to.
T: We have leant how to give advice by using the Modal Verbs. Here in our textbook there are letters asking for some advice. Read them quickly, then write down four pieces of advice for each of them using “ had better(not)”, “ ought (not) to or should(not)”.
Step4 Summary and homework
T: In this class, we’ve review the words and phrases. Specially , we
Unit13.5. (3)
review the Modal Verb by giving some persons advice. After class, more exercises are necessary.
Homework
1. Review the new words and phrases, grammar.
2. Have a dictation about words (2)
3. Preview two Integrating skills on Page 6 and 74
4. Do the exercises the Grammar 1.2 3.on page74
八.黑板板书设计Blackboard:
(L)
Nutrient diet vitamin
Mineral fat sugar
Protein calory
(R)
I advise you to…
You’d better …
I think you should…
Why not…? Why don’t you…?
I suggest you should …
“ had better(not)”, “ ought (not) to or should(not)”.
九、Evaluation
1.道德目标:认识活板的发明对人类文化发展的深刻影响及重大意义,激发民族自豪感。
2、学会整理归纳文言文中古今异义、一词多义、同义词及通假字等文言现象。
(1)给下面加粗的生字注音。
昇(?? )炀?(??? )????砥(?? )?? 贮(?? )?????燔(?? )?? ???讫(?? )?
又为活板(?? )??????? 薄如钱唇(?? )???? ??? ?蜡和纸灰(?? )??????
数十百千本(? ) ?????? 更互用之(?? )????????? ?以纸帖之(?? )
(2)给下列句子划分节奏。
2、对照注释,翻译课文。
要求:借助书下注释和工具书以及已有的文言知识,解释文言实词和虚词,翻译课文。将自学中不能解决的问题在小组中讨论解决,不能解决的以小组为单位提出,集体解决。
(四)作业:
1、归纳总结本文的`重要实词、虚词。
2、翻译课文。
3、预习:
(1)你能用自己的语言概括活板的制作过程吗?
(2)在说明活板制作技术时,采用的顺序是什么?(结合文中句子归纳)
(3)活板有什么显著特点?体现在哪里?
1.知道什么是资源,能说出我国资源的现状,能列举出重要的资源。
2.认识、了解化石燃料对环境的影响,懂得选择对环境污染小的燃料。
3.能理解资源合理开发与综合利用的必要性,开发新能源的必要性及重要意义。
4.初步学会解释、区分、说明煤和石油的综合利用的方法。
1.通过课前查阅和整理相关资料,提高学生比较、分类、归纳、概括等对信息的加工和处理能力。
2.通过对比图片和环境材料的影像资料,使学生产生情感冲突,培养和激发学生的求知欲。
3.通过步步设疑-解答的方式,学习本课知识,通过影像资料和小组研讨,教师指点突破本课难点。
4.通过讨论使学生形成良好的学习习惯和学习方法,培养合作精神,规范使用化学用语的表达能力和正确的化学符号表征能力。
1.通过对资料的搜集整理过程,感受和体验化学与社会发展的密切关系,意识到化学与社会发展关系的重要,体会和认识到化学对人类生存环境正反两方面的影响。
2.通过问题和问题的讨论总结,使学生产生对资源忧患意识,培养学生对自然和社会的责任感和正确的价值观,帮助学生树立学习科学、应用科学为人类驱害谋利的意识,提高学生的科学素养。
3.通过小组讨论和学习,使学生进一步意识和体会到自然资源并不是“取之不尽,用之不竭”的`,要关注资源和环境,遵守规则。
4.通过学习,使学生增强环保意识,树立环保法制观念,树立可持续发展思想,同时达到对学生思想教育的目的。
1、煤和石油的综合利用的方法
2.加聚反应的产物的书写
3.应用绿色化学要求设计合成实验路线。
选自《文山先生全集》卷十三(《四部丛刊》本)。有删节。《指南录》,文天祥诗集名。作者曾在《渡扬子江》诗中写道:“臣心一片磁针石,不指南方不肯休。”宋恭帝德v二年(1276),元兵进逼南宋首都临安,文天祥奉命赴元营谈判,遭扣押。后乘隙逃归福州。此集就是他出使、被扣和逃归途中的纪行诗集。后序,此集前面有《自序》《后序》两篇,这篇课文就是《后序》,并不在诗集的后面。文天祥(1236-1283),字宋瑞,又字履善,号文山,庐陵(现在江西吉安)人,南宋著名的民族英雄。
德v二年二月〔德v二年二月〕德v二年,即端宗景炎元年(五月改元),公元1276年。德v,宋恭帝的年号。二月,据史实当作正月。十九日,予除〔除〕授官。右丞相兼枢密使,〔枢密使〕枢密院长官,掌管国家兵权。都督诸路军马。时北兵〔北兵〕指元兵。下文都以“北”代“元”。已迫修门〔修门〕本来是楚国郢都的城门,见于《楚辞》,这里借指临安的城门。外,战、守、迁皆不及施。缙绅、大夫、士萃于左丞相府,莫知计所出。会使辙交驰,〔使辙交驰〕使者所乘的车子往来频繁。辙,车行之轨。北邀当国者相见,众谓予一行为可以纾祸。〔纾(shū)祸〕缓解(国家的)祸患。国事至此,予不得爱身;意北亦尚可以口舌动也。初,奉使往来,无留北者,予更欲一觇北,归而求救国之策。于是辞相印不拜,⑨〔辞相印不拜〕未接受丞相的印信,不就职。翌日,以资政殿学士行。〔以资政殿学士行〕用资政殿学士(的身份)前往。资政殿学士,是授予文天祥的官位。
初至北营,抗辞慷慨,上下颇惊动,北亦未敢遽轻吾国。不幸吕师孟〔吕师孟〕南宋叛将吕文焕之侄,任兵部侍郎,暗通元军。构恶于前,贾余庆〔贾余庆〕南宋的右丞相,充任祈请使至元军。他和吕师孟都是通敌卖国的,所以说“构恶”“献谄”。献谄于后,予羁縻〔羁縻〕这里是被拘留的意思。不得还,国事遂不可收拾。予自度不得脱,则直前诟虏帅〔诟(gòu)虏帅〕骂元军的统帅。虏帅,指元军的统帅伯颜。下文的“诋(dǐ)大酋”也指这件事。失信,数〔数(shǔ)〕列举罪状。 吕师孟叔侄为逆。但欲求死,不复顾利害。〔利害〕指个人的安危。北虽貌敬,〔貌敬〕表面上表示尊敬。实则愤怒。二贵酋〔贵酋〕指元军的高级官员。名曰馆伴,〔名曰馆伴〕名义上是招待使者的官员。夜则以兵围所寓舍,而予不得归矣。未几,贾余庆等以祈请使诣北;北驱予并往,而不在使者之目。〔目〕列。予分当引决,〔分(fèn)当引决〕理当自杀。然而隐忍以行。昔人云:“将以有为也。”〔将以有为也〕这是唐朝名将南霁云的话。南霁云,唐朝张巡部将。安史之乱中,与张巡等同时遇害。
至京口,得间奔真州,〔得间(jiàn)奔真州〕得机会逃往真州(现在江苏仪征)。当时镇守真州的是安抚使苗再成。即具以北虚实告东西二阃,〔东西二阃(kǔn)〕指淮东淮西两制置使(主管军务的大官)。淮东制置使是李庭芝,淮西制置使是夏贵。恭帝降元后,李庭芝仍苦守扬州,兵败被杀。阃,统兵在外的将帅。约以连兵大举。中兴机会,庶几在此。留二日,维扬帅下逐客之令。〔维扬帅下逐客之令〕维扬统帅(即李庭芝)下逐客的命令。文天祥到真州时,扬州谣传元派一个丞相来真州劝降。李庭芝信以为真,命苗再成杀天祥。苗不忍这样做,骗天祥出城,出示李庭芝命令杀他的公文,让他留在城外。后见天祥不像来劝降的,就派人领他赴扬州。天祥到扬州城外,听守门人说制置司正下令捕他,他就改变姓名逃走。维扬,现在江苏扬州。不得已,变姓名,诡踪迹,〔诡踪迹〕隐蔽行踪(不使人知道去向)。草行露宿,日与北骑相出没〔相出没(mò)〕(彼此)互相出现或隐没(没有遇见)。于长淮间。〔长淮间〕指当时的淮东路(在现在江苏中部)。长淮,指淮河。穷饿无聊,追购〔追购〕悬赏捕捉。购,重金收买。又急,天高地迥,号呼靡及。已而得舟,避渚洲,出北海,〔北海〕指长江口以北的海。然后渡扬子江,入苏州洋,展转四明〔四明〕现在浙江宁波,又是山名,在宁波南。天台,以至于永嘉。
呜呼!予之及于死者不知其几矣!诋大酋当死;骂逆贼当死;与贵酋处二十日,争曲直,屡当死;去京口,挟匕首以备不测,几自刭死;经北舰十余里,为巡船所物色,〔物色〕搜寻。几从鱼腹死;真州逐之城门外,几彷徨死;如扬州,过瓜洲扬子桥,竟使遇哨,〔竟使遇哨〕假使碰上哨兵。无不死;扬州城下,进退不由,〔不由〕不能自主。殆例送死;〔殆例送死〕几乎类似送死。殆,接近于。坐桂公塘土围〔桂公塘土围〕在扬州附近。土围,是一所民房,已无屋顶,仅有土墙。〔几为巡徼(jiào)所陵迫死〕几乎被巡查的军官凌侮逼迫而死。陵,欺侮。中,骑数千过其门,几落贼手死;贾家庄几为巡徼所陵迫死;夜趋高邮,〔高邮〕现在江苏高邮。迷失道,几陷死;〔陷死〕陷没而死。质明,〔质明〕天刚亮的时候。质,正。避哨竹林中,逻者数十骑,几无所逃死;至高邮,制府檄下,〔制府檄下〕制置司官署的(通缉)公文发下。几以捕系死;行城子河,〔城子河〕在高邮东南。下文的“高沙”也在高邮附近。出入乱尸中,舟与哨相后先,几邂逅死;至海陵,〔海陵〕现在江苏泰州。如高沙,常恐无辜死;道海安、如皋,〔道海安、如皋〕取道海安、如皋(现在江苏海安、如皋)。凡三百里,北与寇往来其间,无日而非可死;至通州,〔通州〕现在江苏南通。几以不纳死;以小舟涉鲸波,〔鲸波〕巨浪。出无可奈何,而死固付之度外矣!呜呼!死生,昼夜事也,〔死生,昼夜事也〕死生是早晚间的事情,意思是随时都有死的`可能。死而死矣;而境界危恶,层见错出,非人世所堪。痛定思痛,痛何如哉!
予在患难中,间以诗记所遭,今存其本不忍废,道中手自钞录:使北营,留北关外,为一卷;发北关〔北关〕临安的北门。当时,元兵驻扎在临安城北的皋亭(一作高亭)山。外,历吴门、毗陵,〔毗(pí)陵〕现在江苏常州。渡瓜洲,复还京口,为一卷;脱京口,趋真州、扬州、高邮、泰州、通州,为一卷;自海道至永嘉来三山,为一卷。将藏之于家,使来者〔来者〕后来的人。读之,悲〔悲〕思念,同情。予志焉。……
是年夏五,〔是年夏五〕这一年夏季五月。这一年是1276年。改元景炎,庐陵文天祥自序其诗,名曰《指南录》。
作者通过叙述《指南录》诗集的成书经过,表达了自己的坚定信念和巨大毅力。作者的悲剧遭遇是双重的:既有来自敌人的悬购追捕,又有来自内部的误解和中伤。因此,这非同寻常的九死一生的经历,越发昭示出他信念的崇高和毅力的非凡。
文章三次重复南下路线,但每次作用都不一样。由于目的、作用不同,表达方式也随之有异,语气有缓有急,自叙出使元营、不幸被拘、真州脱逃、辗转而至永嘉、福州的始末,显示出这位民族英雄如日月经天的一身正气、至死不渝的爱国忠心、救亡图存的报国宏愿。学习这篇课文,重点体会作者的爱国热情和坚定信念。文中写了18种险境,试一一找出来,体会这样写有什么作用。
教学目标:
1、了解作者为纾国难出使北营及至南归中的险恶遭遇,体会他的至死不渝的爱国思想感情。
2、理解本文将叙事、抒情、议论相结合的写法。
教学重难点:
1、运用富于变化的动词和整散结合的句式在表情达意上的作用。
2、数“”分“”间“”拜“直”“为”等实词词义,“使”“度”“间”等多义词的不同用法。
一、导入新课:
学生背诵文天祥《过零丁洋》一诗后,指出《后序》一文就是“人生自古谁无死,留取丹心照汗青”的生动解释。指南录>
二、作者及时代背景简介。
宋理宗景定五年(1264年),元已基本上稳定地统治了北方和中原地区,迁都于大都(今北京),并不断南侵。当时南宋王朝的奸相贾似道只顾追求欢乐,不问边事,国势岌岌可危。宋度宗咸淳十年(1274年),元将伯颜大举入寇,前锋直达鄂州(今湖北武昌),朝廷闻报,惊恐万状,乃下诏勤王。次年(宋恭宗德佑元年),贾似道迫不得已,亲自都督诸路军马与元军大战于池州(今安徽贵池),结果大败,伯颜进占建康(今江苏南京)。至德佑二年(1276年)初,又进逼南宋都城临安(今浙江杭州)。本文开头说的“时北兵已迫修门外,战、守、迁皆不及施”,就是上述形势说的。
三、朗读并补充注释。
按段落顺序进行,先作补充注释,然后朗读,并归纳段落大意。
1、第1段。
①萃——集。
②会使辙交驰——在元军逼近首都临安的情况下,南宋朝廷为苟延残喘,曾多次派人前往元营求和。在文天祥之前,先后出使元营的有陆秀夫、刘岊(jié)、杨应奎等人。
③意北亦尚可以口舌动也——猜想元军统帅也还可以用言辞来打动的。意,猜想、揣度。
④觇(chān)——偷偷地察看。
提问:辞相印不拜而出使元营这件事说明了什么?(不计个人利害,图救国之策。)
2、第2段。
①予自度不得脱……叔侄为逆——伯颜尝引天祥与吴坚等同坐。天祥面斥贾余庆卖国,且责伯颜失信。吕文焕从旁谕解之,天祥并斥文焕及其侄师孟:“父子兄弟受国厚恩,不能以死报国,乃合族为逆,尚何言?”文焕等惭恚。伯颜遂拘天祥,随祈请使北行。
②“将以有为也”——语出韩愈《张中丞传后叙》:“城陷,贼以刃胁降云(南霁云);巡(张巡)不屈,即牵去,将斩之。又降霁云,云未应,巡呼云曰:‘南八,男儿死耳?不可为不义屈!云笑曰:’欲将以有为也。公有言,云敢不死!‘即不屈。”张巡、南霁云皆唐代名将,守睢阳,杀安禄山叛军十余万人,终因兵尽粮绝,城被叛军攻破,不屈而死。
提问:天祥被拘留时“但欲求死”后来随祈请使北行,理当自杀而“隐忍以行”,这两种做法是否相互矛盾?(不矛盾。“求死”是因为“不得脱”,以死保全名节;“隐忍以行”,是因为有机会逃脱,还可以有所作为,图救国之策。)
提问:“昔人云:’将以有为也。‘”这句话是否可以删去?(删去后并不影响上下文的连贯性,但此句是下文的纲,作者历尽限险而不死,就因为他有这样一个坚强的信念。)
3、第3段。
①得间奔真州——天祥与其客杜浒等12人趁夜逃到真州。真州安抚使苗再城曾出迎,并共同商定以两淮兵为主力进攻元军的计划,所以下文说“中兴机会,庶几在此”。这计划后来未能实现。
②维扬帅下逐客之令——指李庭芝下令通缉文天祥一事。按:苗再成曾派20名士兵护送文天祥,抵扬州城时,夜方四鼓,听守门人说:“制置司(指李庭芝)下令捕文丞相甚急。”天祥不得不变姓名逃亡。
本段大意:叙述从京口脱险,展转逃亡,达于永嘉的经历。
4、第4段。
①出无可奈何——“出”后省“于”,由于的意思。
②死生,昼夜事也——“死生”是偏义复词,偏“死”,“生”字无义。
③层见(xiàn)错出——不断出现的意思。错出,交错出现。
提问:文末特地点出诗集的题名,有什么含义?(以磁针南指比喻作者效忠祖国的强烈感情。)
补充注释:宋恭宗(年号德佑)在位仅一年。德佑二年三月,伯颜入临安,掳帝北去。同年五月,宋端宗即位于福州,改年号为景炎。
四、结构层次和写作特点分析。
1、用提问导入。
①学习这篇文章须用倒读法,请大家先看最后两段,说说它们属于哪一种表达方式?(说明。)
③试将所说明的问题分为两类:一类是关于书的一般常识(卷数、书名、作序时间);一类是有特殊内容的(结集目的)。
④在这两段话中,哪一句话是关涉全篇的?(“使来者读之,悲余志焉”。)
2、进行讨论(四人一组)。
①第5、6两段作为诗集的说明在书序体裁中是最不可少的,为什么被置于最后?
②前四段跟这两段有怎样的联系?
小结:
①前四段从总体上看,是用来说明诗的产生背景;分别来看,第1段说缘起,第2、3段说事实背景,第4段说作诗时的心态。知道这样的背景,才能更深刻地理解诗的内容。
②从第2、3段可以看出,诗集中卷次划分的标准正是这段所记叙的作者的行程;第4段是作者心志的集中描述,是为下文“悲余志”一语作铺垫的。
③先说背景后说有关诗集的问题,便无须再作任何解释,言简而意赅,有水到渠成之效。
3、板书示例(在全班讨论中随手写出)。
4、据板书即可归纳出记叙、抒情和说明相结合的写法(说明:由于第4段中也含有议论成分,把议论加进去也可)。
五、布置作业。
1、复述文天祥的遭遇。
要求是用自己的话来叙述,不要照书逐字逐句对译,培养领悟的习惯和口头表达能力。
2、诵读第4段。
要求当堂成诵,读得有感情。
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