每一位教师在上课前都要准备教案和课件，这需要我们静下心来认真撰写。学生的反馈是帮助教师反思课堂教学的重要途径，那么如何才能写出高水平的教学课件呢？为了解决这个问题，幼儿教师教育网的编辑整理了大量信息，为大家呈上这篇“如何写出高水平的教学课件”，希望对你有所帮助！愿你喜欢！
教学目标：1、让学生了解句式的一般知识；2、教会学生能根据题目要求，恰当地选择句式，以达到语言表达的简明、连贯得体的要求。
教学难点：选择句式要达到语言表达的简明、连贯得体的要求。
一、 考点阐释：
选用句式，是按照题目给定的语句形式要求造句。所选语句，除句式要求之外，还要求语意恰当，与语境谐合。
1、要让学生了解句式的一般知识。从结构方面说，有单句、复句，整句、散句；从表达方面说，有陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句；从成分方面说，有省略句、倒装句；从逻辑方面说，有主动句、被动句，肯定句、否定句等。
2、要教会学生能根据题目的要求和语言材料的隐含要求，恰当地选择句式，以达到语言表达的简明、连贯得体的要求。
3、要尽可能地结合情境教学。如对象、场合等。
三、 试题点拨：
典型试题1：选用恰当的句式，把下面的语句加以组织，使话题统一，表意更集中，句子更紧凑。
例句：武松、李逵、解珍和解保都是《水浒》里的英雄，《水浒》中有武松景阳岗打虎的故事，有李逵杀虎报仇的故事，有解珍、解保猎虎蒙冤入狱的故事。这些人物和故事，都是典型的艺术真实，不同于生活的真实。
点拨 ：此题考查选用句式的能力。原文话题不统一《水浒》，武松、李逵等人物和故事，要选用一个句式，使话题统一。 参考答案：《水浒》里的武松、李逵、解珍、解保等打虎、杀虎、猎虎的故事，都是典型的艺术真实，不同于生活的真实。
典型试题2：将下面的语句，按照不同的表达要求，加以组织，选择不同的句式，分别写一段话。
例句：①新加坡的旅游业在全世界享有盛誉。②新加坡具有良好的旅游的天然条件。③新加坡的旅游部门工作认真、细致。 ④新加坡的旅游业与其他有关部门协调合作得很好。
（1）强调天然条件：
（2）强调工作认真、细致与合作：
点拨：此题考查选用句式的能力，原语言材料从大的层次关系看，是因果关系，其中“原因”复杂，有三个方面，可用“固然……但”来表达。（参考答案略）
四、 命题趋势：纵观近年来句式的考查，不难看出，高考语文试题“选用、仿用、变换句式”的命题，呈现出以下趋势：
第一、贴近生活，让考生有话可说，注意激活他们的思维。
第二、呈开放性，为考生提供了广阔的思考空间。
第三，语用的特点更加突出。
五、 强化训练：
1、选择下面衔接较好的一组句式：
（1）我把老李找来，让他立即写报告，他写完报告马上把它交上去了。
（2）我找来老李，老李立刻写报告，报告写完交上去来了。
（3）古都西安，许多古建筑坐落在主要街区，肃穆的官府衙门，玲珑的楼台轩榭，色彩鲜明的回廊，风格独具的民居，……看到这些，你立刻会为它们凝重的文化底蕴所吸引。
（4）古都西安的主要街区，坐落着许多古建筑，肃穆的官府衙门，玲珑的楼台轩榭，色彩鲜明的回廊，风格独具的民居，……看到这些，你立刻会为它们凝重的.文化底蕴所吸引。
A、（1）（3 ） B、（2）（4） C、（1）（4） D、（2）（3）
2、依次填入下面两句中横线处的语句与上下文语意连贯、音节和谐的一组是
（1）每逢深秋时节＿＿＿松竹山茶，色彩绚丽，美景尽览。
（2）远眺群山环抱，＿＿＿近看小河流水，茶园葱绿，松竹并茂。
A（1）（3） B（1）（4） C（2）（3） D（2）（4）
（1）阳光融化了河水，细雨润泽了山色，（a 柳枝被春风吹绿 b春风染绿了柳枝），造化的神功又一次使人们惊异了。
（2）秋天，树叶黄了，枯了，快要�落了。枯的叶子离开了枝头在风中飞舞着，（a它曾经有过的婆娑身影依然那么动人 b怀着对金秋时节无比眷念的心情离去)假如我是绿叶，我愿意很快地落在地上，尽情地拥抱这养育它的土地。
A、（1）a（2）b B、(1)a(2)a C(1)b(2)a D(1)b(2) b
4、 依次填入下面一段文字中横线处的语句，与上下文衔接最恰当的一项是
挡眼有石塑一尊，近似昨夜见到的神貌。＿＿＿，皆先生手迹。＿＿＿，罗池东侧有柑香亭，＿＿＿，祠北有衣冠墓，这些名目，只要粗知柳宗元行迹，皆耳熟能详。
A (2)(4)(5) B(1)(3)(6) C(1)(4)(5) D(2)(3)(6)
我们看到，上海的城市环境整洁美观，但相比之下农村给我们的印象仍是又脏又乱。我们认为上海＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
6、依次填入下面一段文字中的横线处的语句，与上下文衔接最恰当的一项是
一个人不喜欢诗，何以文学趣味就低下呢？＿＿＿＿。一部好小说或是一部好戏剧都要当做一首诗看。使比别类文学较严谨、较纯粹、较精微。如果对于诗没有兴趣，对于戏剧散文小说等等的佳妙也终不免有些隔 。＿＿＿＿，大半在小说和戏剧中只能见到最粗浅的一部分，就是故事。他们读小说和戏剧只见到故事而没有见到它的诗。＿＿＿＿。
(1)因为一切诗都要有文学的特质 （2）因为一切纯文学都要有诗的特质 （3）不爱好诗而爱好小说的人们 （4）爱好诗而不爱好小说戏剧的人们 （5）就像看到架上的花而忘记花架 （6）就像看到花架而忘记架上的花
A (2)(4)(6) B(1)(4)(5) C(2)(3)(6) D(1)(3)(5)
一、教材分析
本册书中，第十七章《欧姆定律》是电学中的基本定律，是进一步学习电学知识和分析电路的基础，是学习电功率、家庭电路等后续章节的必备知识。本章本身就具有承上启下的作用，是电学的重点之一。而《电流与电压和电阻的关系》一节十分重视科学方法的渗透，重视科学探究过程，主要是引导学生进行探究性实验，让学生在探究过程中体验方法、学习方法，利用“控制变量法”对“电流、电压、电阻”三者的关系进行一个定性分析，是了解得出欧姆定律的过程，因此，这是学生在学习了电流、电压、电阻等概念以及电压表、电流表、滑动变阻器使用方法之后的进一步总结深入，也是掌握电学最重要规律之一《欧姆定律》的前提。
同时，本节内容的探究实验是一个比较完整的探究，它涵盖了探究的七个基本要素：提出问题、猜想与假设、制订计划与设计实验、进行实验与收集证据、分析论证、评估、交流与合作。通过这部分的学习使学生深刻领悟科学探究的意义，掌握研究问题的科学方法，培养了小组合作的交流意识。通过本节课学习，主要是为了让学生掌握同一电路中电学的三个基本物理量之间的关系，进一步了解运用“控制变量法”研究多个变量间的关系的实验方法，为进一步学习电学知识打下基础。
二、学情分析
在之前的学习中，学生已经掌握电流、电压、电阻等电学基本知识，为我们本节对“电流、电压、电阻”三者的定性关系进行探究做了铺垫。但由于学生对已有知识的理解层次有所差别，而且存在一定的能力差距，所以常出现“一听就懂，一丢就忘，一用就错”的问题，主要是因为目前学生在分析处理问题时缺乏具体的思路与方法。
根据本学段学生心理和年龄特点及学生的实际水平，针对教材的地位和作用。依据课程标准我拟定了以下教学重点与难点。
三、重点与难点
根据对教材的详细分析，本节课是通过学生自主探究实验，发现电流与电压和电阻的关系，从而对实验数据进行分析，得出结论。因此，运用控制变量法进行实验设计与连接实际电路既是本节的重点，也是难点之一。与此同时，组织好学生运用表格法、图像法等科学方法进行实验数据的处理分析，也是本节的难点之一。
四、教学目标
根据对教材的分析与学生实际情况分析，为有效突破本节教学重点与难点，我从知识与技能、过程与方法和情感态度与价值观三方面设置了本节的教学目标：
1.知识与技能：
通过实验探究电流与电压、电阻的关系，让学生经历科学探究的全过程，掌握连接实际电路的方法与技巧。
2.过程与方法：
①在教师以递进式设问方式的引导下，能够利用“控制变量法”进行实验设计，从而掌握“控制变量法”的运用;
②通过实验数据的处理，掌握实验数据处理的常用方法。
3.情感态度与价值观：
①通过学生自身经历探究实验过程，培养学生实事求是的科学态度;
②通过小组探究实验，培养学生合作交流意识。
五、教学方法
为成功达到教学目标，根据学生实际情况，在教与学方面，本节课主要牵涉到以下方法：
1.教法方面
针对本节以实验为基础的特点，在教学过程中不能只限于探究的形式，而必须充分发挥学生的主体作用，教师的主导作用。主要采用在教师的指导下让学生自主实验探究的方法进行教学。通过引导探究实验，让学生亲身经历探究的过程。具体方法包括：递进式提问法、讨论法、分组探究法、师生互动法等。通过学生分组实验，相互讨论交流，相互启发，相互促进，培养学生的动手能力、分析综合能力，并且通过具体的实验设计掌握利用“控制变量法”研究问题的方法，达到共同进步的目的。
2.学法方面
本节课的主体是学生，主要内容是学生进行探究性实验，得出结论。因此在学习本节内容时，学生主要使用的学习方法有：小组实验法、自主探究法、讨论法等。学生通过利用各种学习方法，能够顺利完成课堂内容的同时，培养了自身的综合能力。
六、教学设计
针对前面的分析，依据学生实际情况，设计以下教学环节：
1.引入环节：结合学生已有知识，以提问“电流的影响因素”引入，有效降低学生学习难度。
2.新课讲授：结合“电流的影响因素”，对“控制变量法”进行讲解，同时引导学生分析得出进行探究实验的方法——保持R不变，改变U，观察I或者保持U不变，改变R，观察I。
3.实验设计：利用递进式提问方法，引导学生进行实验设计：
设问目的
在探究电流与电压的关系时，如何保持电阻R不变?
明确选用定值电阻R
如何改变定值电阻两端电压U?
明确滑动变阻器在本实验中的作用
需要用到哪些实验器材?
让学生明白实验器材的选择方法
如何连接所选用的实验器材?
锻炼学生设计实验电路的能力
马上要开始实验了，实验前我们还要准备什么?
锻炼学生设计实验步骤的能力，理清实验思路
根据大家的实验步骤，有什么特别要注意的地方吗?
提醒学生实验注意事项，培养学生严谨的思维能力
4.分组探究实验：教师组织学生开始分组探究实验，现场进行指导，及时帮助学生解决遇到的各种问题，协助完成探究实验。
5.评估交流：教师引导学生以小组为单位，对自己的探究活动进行展示、回顾、分析，思考设计方案有无不合理的地方，操作有无失误，测量结果是否可靠?
七、教学效果设想
因本节课是在充分分析了教材、学生情况等进行了重点、难点的拟定、教学方法的选择以及教学环节的设置，在学生已有知识的基础上，以递进式提问的方式引导学生顺利进行实验设计、完成实验。应该说，学生对本节课的学习难度大幅度下降，更容易掌握新知识，同时也能够从本节课的学习中进一步掌握“控制变量法”以及为下一节《欧姆定律》的学习奠定了基础。这样的课堂设计，会比较有效地达到所设定的教学目标，学生学习积极性较高。
CONTENTS
I. Brief statements Based on the Unit 2
II. Teaching Goals 2
III. Teaching Plan: (Six Periods) 2
Warming up &Reading 3
Listening and Speaking 6
Integrating skills (WB) listening (WB) 7
Grammar……………………………………………..9
Integrating skills SB 19
TEACHING PLAN FOR UNIT 18 (Book 2B)
Inventions
I. Brief statements Based on the Unit
This unit mainly talks about inventions and what qualities we should have to create new things.. All the activities, including Warming up, Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing, focus on this topic. Through this topic, the students not only get more information about inventions, but also learn what to do to develop creativity.
In addition, the students can learn some useful language points through the materials provided in each part, especially a lot of words and phrases, which are very helpful for the students to build up vocabulary about inventions. The Grammar-the attributive clause is also important. The given materials and exercises give the students an opportunity to learn grammar by using it. It not only helps the students learn to give definitions to new things, but also reviews this part of the grammar as a whole.
All of the activities are helpful for the students to improve their knowledge about language and their skills to use language.
II. Teaching Goals
1. Talk about inventions.
2. Practise describing inventions.
3. Review the Attributive Clause.
4. Write a process essay..
III. Teaching Plan: (Six Periods)
Period 1&2: warming up and reading
Period3: listening and speaking
Period4: integrating skills (WB) and listening (WB)
period5: Grammar
period6: integrating skills(SB)
Warming up &Reading
GOALS:
To learn some basic knowledge about inventions in the 20th century which have changed our modern life so much..
Get the students to grasp the main idea of the passage and help them to understand the passage better.
Help the students to learn to be more creative.
Learn some useful words and expressions.
TEACHING PROCEDURES
I. Warming up
1. Lead-in
Show pictures of four great inventions of ancient China.
Say: Talking of inventions, we couldn’t help thinking of four great inventions of ancient China. Can you mention them? What are they?
China has a history of 5000 years. In history, four great inventions stand out in the hall of glory, which we are most proud of. They are the compass, paper, printing and gunpower. It shows that China led the world for centuries in science and technology in ancient times.
2. Brainstorming
Show pictures of inventions in the 20th century which have changed our modern life so much.
Say: What inventions can you think of which are invented in the last century?
In the first twenty years:
In the 1920s:
In the 1930s:
In the 1940s and50s:
In the 1960s to 80s:
In the last ten years of the century:
3.Discussion:
Q1: What are the functions of the inventions?
Q2: Are there any disadvantages of these inventions? If so, what are they?
Q3: Do you like all these inventions? Why or why not?
Q4: Have you ever heard of any inventors? Who are they?
4.Warming-up:
Individual work: Is there anything you would like to invent? If so, what and why?
Practice: Match each picture with the correct description below.
5. Discussion:
1) Which of these “inventions” do you think would be useful? Why?
2) Are there any disadvantages in them? If so, what and why?
3) What can we do to improve them?
4) What can we do after inventing new things?
Reading
Step 1 Lead-in
1) What do you think “high tech” means?
2) What do you think “state of the art” means?
Which one in the three pictures “is state of art”?
3) Can you think of any other “state of art”?
4 ) How did people make them? Did people make them by accident?
Step2 Reading
1 Skimming
1) Are some people born creative, or is it be possible to be creative?
2) Do you have to be very intelligent to be an inventor?
3) How do people come up with ideas for new inventions? How many ways are mentioned?
2 Scanning
Get the students to read the passage more carefully to carry out the following tasks:
1) Find out the meaning of each way.
2) Do some exercises, according to each way.
Think outside the box:
A plane crashed. Why nobody in the plane was injured?
When we cut a corner from a square-shaped desk with four corners, how many corners are left?
Why can a frog jump higher than a tree?
Take another look at it: Analyze some pictures.
Make connections: Some inventions made with connections
Keep trying: Some famous scientists that kept trying and succeeded.
3 True or False.
4 Deal with language points.
1) be born+ adj./n.
He was born blind.
She was born a singer.
2) come up with
Can scientists come up with ways of predicting tsunami（海啸）？
3) allow for
We must allow for the bus being late.
4) get/be stuck
The car got stuck in the mud.
5) break away from
Taiwan is part of China. It can’t break away from China.
6 be aware of/that-clause
Are you aware of your mistake?
She became aware that something was burning.
Step4 Post-reading
1 The following examples have been fixed up. Can you place them in the right titles of the passage?
1) According to Leonardo da Vinci, problems which had seemed impossible could be solved if he changed the way he described the problem.
2) Thomas Edison made a rule saying that he had to make an invention every ten days.
3) Mozart, who lived in Austria, wrote more than 600 pieces of music.
4) Einstein, who changed the world of physics forever with his Theory of Relativity, preferred
images of numbers.
3) Samuel Moorse, the man who invented the telegraph, got his idea by watching a rider exchange a tired horse for a new one.
2 How do you understand the title of the passage?
3 What other rules should you have if you want to be creative?
4 Of all the rules above, which one do you think is the most important? Why?
Step5 Homework
Write a passage to tell what rules you should have if you want to be creative, which one is the
most important and explain the reasons.
Listening and speaking
GOALS:
To enable students to know how to protect the patent rights and what an invention should be like..
Improve the speaking ability.
Practise supporting an opinion.
Have a better understanding of intellectual property rights.
Teaching Procedures:
I. Listening (SB)
1. Pre-listening: Go through the questions in Part1 and ask Ss what we should do to protect our patent rights
2. While-listening: Listen to the tape and finish exercises in Part1&2.
Check the answers at last.
3. Post-listening: Discussion:
What should a new thing be like in order to be given a patent?
2．Speaking
Step 1 Warming-up
1.With the development of the technology, our society has greatly changed. Have a discussion:
1). What advantages have cars brought us?
(convenient, travel fast, supply more posts, …)
2). What benefits have we got from computers?
(get more information, make communication easier, develop economy …)
2. What do you think of the inventor?
(Make the Ss aware of the importance of knowledge and try to learn harder.
3. Suppose you have invented an inflatable bike, what should you do?
State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO) (国家知识产权保护局)
apply for a patent
pay attention to the time limit of a patent
Step 2 Speaking
1. The patent officer will ask you some questions. Think over what questions will be asked?
1) How does you invention work?
2) Why are they useful?
3) What does it look like?
4) How much does it cost?
5) How do people use it?
… …
2. Now you are in the patent office and want to apply for a patent. Look at P38. Suppose you are one of the inventors, make a dialogue with a partner. One is the inventor and the other is the patent officer.
Model:
( I-inventor; P --- Patent officer)
P: Now, please explain how your inventions work and why they are useful. Your invention is a car that uses water instead of petrol, isn’t it?
A: Yes, that’s right.
P: What does it look like?
A: It looks like an ordinary car. Here’s the picture. Please have a look.
P: Oh, it looks beautiful. What’s it made of?
A: It’s made of a new kind of alloy, which is much lighter.
P: Does it cost more?
A:A little bit. But it can save much more energy, so lots of money is saved. Besides, there is something even more important. It is good for our environment. It doesn’t pollute the air.
P: Sounds great. Thank you.
Step 4 Homework
1. Discuss: What qualities should one have to be an inventor to create new things.
2. Preview the integrating skills WB
3. Learn the new words of this unit by heart.
Integrating skills (WB) listening (WB)
GOALS:
Learn a reading passage to improve the students’ reading ability.
Introduce more cool inventions
Listening practice to improve the students’ listening ability
Teaching Procedures:
Integrating skills WB
Step 1 Revision
Say : What are the Four Great Inventions of ancient
China?
As modern men, we are so used to so many inventions that we do not realize how much they have changed our lives. Eyeglasses and sewing machine are two examples. Another, and perhaps more obvious, example is television, which has so altered our way of life that we just cannot imagine what our life would be like without it.
What kind of modern invention do you know?
Step 2 Fast-reading
Group project
Reading the passage in your WB, Then discuss with your group members to complete the chart below with the information from the text
inventions Possible uses
Invisible paint 1,interesting clothes
2,Help doctors see through the skin/hide things
Tiny robot help doctors operate on people in a safer and less painful way
Step3
Say: In our reading text, it describes new inventions and ideas. Some already exist and others may be come reality within 20 ,I will show you more inventions
Conclusion:
Every invention can be of great value .But it is an easy thing to make an invention.Everybody, I think have the answer. Before an invention, inventor must have an idea, then make experiments again and again .perhaps making many errors and at last gain success. Remember success comes from failure. Any invention also experiences many hardships.
Discuss: What qualities should one have to be an inventor?
Listening WB
Step 1 pre-listening
George Stephenson ,a famous British inventors, made the first train, using a steam engine in 1825
Step 2 Listen to part1 of the tape .choose the best answers.
Step 3 Most great inventors often meet with a lot of trouble in their work. Listen to part 2
Homework:
Finish WB Vocabulary
Preview grammar:
Grammar: The attributive clause
Teaching Aim:
1. Revise the Attributive Clause, including the Restrictive Clause and the Non-restrictive Clause.
2. Revise the use of relative pronouns and relative adverbs.
3. Tell the differences between the restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clauses, the attributive clause & the emphasis structure, and the attributive clause & the appositive clause
Teaching Important Point:
The usage of relative pronouns and adverbs
Teaching Difficult Point:
Help the students to master the way of choosing a relative pronoun or a elative adverb correctly, telling the differences between the restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clauses, the attributive clause & the emphasis structure, and the attributive clause & the appositive clause
Teaching Procedures:
Step 1: Greetings.
Step 2: Revision and lead-in
1) He is a famous scientist.
2) Who’s that girl in red?
3) I’ve read all the books that you lent me.
4) I have lost my pen, which I like very much.
T: Now look at the sentences on the screen. Pay special attention to the underlined parts. Is there anything in common between them?
S: Yes. They all identify the nouns, which are used with them. Each part tells us which thing or person the speaker is talking about.
T: That is to say, the function of each underlined part is the same. Each of them is used as an attributive to describe each noun. Well, are there any differences between them?
S: Yes. In he 1st sentence, the attribute is an adjective and put before the noun; the 2nd is a prepositional phrase put after the noun; the 3rd and 4th sentences are full sentences put after them.
T: You are right, what do we call the sentences put after them?
S: The Attributive Clause.
T: Quite right. In a complex sentence, the clause modifying a noun or a pronoun in the main clause is called an Attributive Clause. The noun or pronoun is called Antecedent. The word that/which introduces the clause (between the noun/pronoun and the clause) is called Relative Pronoun or Relative Adverb. The relative pronouns or adverbs do 2 jobs at once. They can be used as subjects, objects, attributes or adverbials in the clause; at the same time, they join clauses together. About the use of them, we’ll have particular revision after a while. The attributive clause the restrictive attributive clause
the non-restrictive attributive clause
The adjective clause noun/pronoun + the attributive clause
the antecedent (person/thing) the relative pronouns/adverbs + clause
Now look at the sentences on the screen. Do complete the sentences with suitable relatives.
1) I know the reason why he came late.
2) Do you know the woman, whose son went to college last year?
3) The house whose color is red is John’s.
4) This is the best film that I’ve ever seen.
5) That’s the town where he worked in 1987.
6) I have 2 brothers, who are both soldiers.
7) Next week, which you’ll spend in your hometown, is coming.
8) I’ve tried 2 pairs of shoes, neither of which fits me well.
Step 3: Summarize the Use of the relative pronouns and relative adverbs.
The use of the relative pronouns
Form 1:
The relative pronouns Referring to Function in the clause
Who Person(s) Subject/object
Whom Person(s) Object
That Person(s)/thing(s) Subject/object
Which Thing(s) Subject/object
Whose Person(s)/thing(s) (of whom/which) attributive
The use of the relative adverbs
The relative adverbs Referring to Function in the clause
When (=at/in/on which) Time Adverbial of time
Where (=in/at which) Place Adverbial of place
Why (=for which) Reason Adverbial of reason
Notice:
1) Pay more attention to the agreement between the verb and the antecedent in person and number in the attributive clause, and then complete the sentences:
⑴ Those who want to go to the cinema must be at the school gate by 3:30 p.m. (want)
⑵ Te who doesn’t reach the great wall is not a true man. (not reach)
⑶ The is the only one of the girls who has been to Beijing. (have)
⑷ He is one of the boys who have seen the film. (have)
Conclusion 1:
1） When a relative pronoun is used as a subject in the clause, the verb must agree with the antecedent in person and number.
2） When the antecedent is the structure “one of +n. (pl.)”, the verb in the clause must be plural, agrees with the plural form. However, if there is “the” or “the only very” before “one”, the verb in the clause must be singular, agrees with the word “one”.
2) Practice: complete the following sentences with suitable relatives:
(1) The time when/that I went to Tokyo is in 1982.
(2) I’ll never forget the time which/that I spent at college.
(3) The shop which/that I bought the book in is big.
(4) The shop where/in which I bought the book is big.
Conclusion 2: when the antecedent is a noun for time or place “when “or “where” is not always used to introduce the clause. It depends on the function of the relative word in the clause.
3) The difference between “that” and “which”.
Complete the following sentences with “that” or “which”.
(1) This is the 2nd article that I have written in English.
(2) It is the best film that he has ever seen.
(3) This is the very book that I want to read.
(4) All that they told me surprised me.
(5) They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited.
(6) Who is the comrade that was there?
(7) There is a bed in the room that is still vacant.
(8) Our village is no longer the place that it used to be.
(9) He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows, most of which hadn’t been cleaned at least a year.
(10) The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.
(11) The clever boy made a hole in the wall, through which he could see what was going on inside the house.
Conclusion 3:
1)when the antecedent refers to thing(s), “that” is often used in the following cases:
(1) after ordinal number and superlatives
(2) after the following words: all, only, little, few, much, very, none, last, just, any(thing), every(thing), some(thing), no(thing).
(3) after two or more antecedents, referring to both person(s) and thing(s).
(4) after interrogative pronouns “which” or “who”.
(5) When the relative pronoun is used as a predictive in the clause.
(6) When the main clause begins with “there be “.
2) In the following cases, “which” is always used.
①After prepositions
②to introduce a non-restrictive attributive clause.
③The whole main sentence is the “antecedent” of the relative clause, and there is always a comma.
More exercises:
Fill in the blanks with suitable relatives to complete the following sentences.
1) Tell me the reason why you were late for class.
2) Who is the girl that is speaking there?
3) This is Mr. Smith, who has something interesting to tell you.
4) The computer whose CPU doesn’t work has to be repaired.
5) This kind of computer, which is well-known, is out of date.
6) This is just the place that I’ve been longing to visit for years.
7) His mother is an engineer, which makes him very proud.
8) The old man has 4 sons, three of whom are doctors
Step 4: The attributive clause and the appositive clause
一、从词类上区别
同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion. proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等表示抽象意义的名词。而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或整个主句。如：
We are looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.
我们正在调查的是他是否值得信赖的问题。（同位语从句）
Word came that he had gone abroad.
据说他已经出国了。（同位语从句）
The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.
你找的那位医生在房间里面。（定语从句，名词the doctor作先行词）
Our team has won the game, which makes us very happy.
(定语从句，which代表前面提到的整个句子)
His mother did all she could to help him with his study.
他妈妈尽最大努力帮他学习。
（定语从句，代词all作先行词）
二、从性质上区别
定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制，属于形容词性从句的范畴；而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步说明和解释，属于名词性从句的范畴。如：
The news that our team has won the game is true.
我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。
The news (that) he told me yesterday is true.
昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。(定语从句，that 从句作定语修饰news)
I made a promise that if anyone set me free, I would make him very rich.
我许诺如果谁让我自由，我就让他非常富有。(同位语从句，补充说明promise)
The mother made a promise that pleased all her children.
妈妈做出了一个令她的孩子们高兴的许诺。（定语从句，that从句作定语修饰promise。）
三、从引导词及其在句子中的成份上区别有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句，但不能引导定语从句。如：
That question whether we need it has not been considered.
我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。（同位语从句）
I have no idea what has happened to him.
我不知道他发生了什么事。（同位语从句）
引导词that引导定语从句时，在从句中一般作主语或宾语（指物时还可以用which代替），并且作宾语时常常省略。That在同位语从句中仅起连接作用，不充当任何成份，并且不能省略，也不能用which来代替。
The order that we (should) send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday.
我们应派几个人去帮助别的几个小组的命令昨天已收到了。（同位语从句，是对order的具体解释，that虽不作成份，但不能省略）
The order (that) we received yesterday was that we (should) send a few people to help the other groups.
我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组。（定语从句，是名词order的修饰语，that在从句中作received的宾语，可以省略）
Step 5: The attributive clause and the emphasis structure
强调句型的句式结构为：“It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who从句”。在强调时间、地点、原因或方式状语时，一律用that，而不用when, why或how；在强调主语和宾语时，如果主语和宾语指代人，则可用who和whom来代替that, 但是从句中的人称和数要与被强调的主语和宾语保持一致。这些都容易与定语从句混淆。
定语从句和强调句型的判断方法：若将句中的“It is/was”和“that/who”去掉，而句子不缺成分，结构完整，说明原句是强调句型；若句子结构不完整，则说明原句为定语从句。
1) It was not until 1920 ____ regular radio broadcasts began. (1995高考卷)
A. while B. which C. that D. since
2) ____ was his kindness that everyone praised him.
A. It B. What C. So D. Such
3) It is the ability to do the job ____ matters not where you come from or what you are. (2000高考卷) A. one B. that C. what D. it
4) It was ____ he came to Macao ____ he knew what kind of place it was.
A. that; when B. until; that C. not until; when D. not until; that
5) ____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
A. There B. This C. That D. It
6) It was not until we came back from outside ____ out of his bed.
A. did he get B. when he got C. that he got D. then he got
7) When was it ____ you met him in the library?
A. where B. that C. in which D. which
8) It was near the place ____ there is a bomb ____ we found the dead man.
A. where; where B. where; that C. that; where D. that; that
Keys: 1)C; 2)A; 3)B; 4)D; 5)D; 6)C; 7)B; 8)B;
Step 6: Homework
Review the Attributive Clause and finish all the grammar exercises in the workbook.
Integrating skills SB
GOALS:
Learn a reading passage to improve the students’ reading ability.
Do some writing prac
After discovering the American land, people went on exploring. Read the text on P 158 and find out what the unknown southern land refers to, Australia or Antarctica? ( Antarctica.)
Read more carefully and answer more questions.
1. Who was the first to put the land of Antarctica, as we know now, on the map?
2. What did they think of the land? How did Captain Cook prove that there was no southern continent like that?
3. Did Captain Cook reach Antarctica? Did he discover it? What did he put on the map instead?
1. A Greek map maker.
2. It was surrounded by a ring of fire with a mild climate and wealthy people.He saw icebergs on 10 December, 1772 and for the next two summers, he sailed between iceberg.
3. Yes, he did. No, he didn’t. He put Australia on the map istead.
Now, time goes to the 1920s. By the middle of the 1920s, the farthest corners of the earth had already been explored. That is the seven continents and the four oceans had been mapped. Then what did people explore? Turn to P 16 and have a look at the title. Going high: The Pioneer of the third pole. Can you guess the meaning of going high? (climbing the mountains) So where is the third pole? Mount Qomolangma or Antarctica? (Mount Qomolangma)
Read the text quickly and find out the answer to this question: Who was the first to reach the summit of Mount Qomolangma? When and what nationality were they?
Scanning
Title Going High: the Pioneers of the Third Pole
P1 By the middle of 1920s, Mount Qomolangma remained to be greatest challenge for human beings.
P2 Climbing Mount Qomolangma was dangerous and it seemed almost impossible because of its extreme conditions.
P3 Sherpas prove to be the ideal guide since the first attempt.
P4 Though several attempt failed in 1920s, Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay made their first successful attempt to the summit in 1953.
P5 After the first successful attempt to conquer Mount Qomolangma, it remains man’s great challenges until now.
P6 The Chinese successfully reached the summit of it in 1960.
P7 Over the past 40 years, other 29 Chinese reached the summit for scientific research or sport.
Read the text and answer the following questions.
Why do you think the writer call Mount Qomolangma the third pole?
(First, the North Pole and the South Pole lie respectively in the southernmost and northernmost points of the world, while Mount Qomolangma stands the highest in the world. Second, like the North Pole and the South Pole, it is hard for people to conquer because of the extreme conditions.)
Why can the Tibetans live at ease in such extreme conditions?
Because they have lived there for centuries and have adjusted to the condition.
What makes Sherpas the most reliable guides in every attempt to climb Mount Qomolangma?
Because they are strong, skillful, honest and dedicative.
What might have been the possible reasons that made British expeditions fail in 1922 and 1924?
They were not prepared for many unexpected difficulties and they were not very familiar with Mount Qomolangma.
Why could the two Newzealanders make it to the summit of Mount Qomolangma?
After World War 2, technological advances in clothing and equipment had been made and more was known about the mountain itself.
When did Chinese first reach the summit of Mount Qomolangma? Who were they?
On May 25 of 1960. Gongbu, Wang Fuzhou, and Qu Yinhua.
What evidence does the Chinese team have to prove that they really reached the summit of Mount Qomolangma?
An iron container with the national flag and a portrait of Chairman Mao Zedong.
By now, how many Chinese have climbed Mount Qomolangma successfully, 29, 32 or more than that?
More than 32.
How to understand these sentences and phrases?
Going to Mount Qomolangma was like going to the moon.
Going to Mount Qomolangma was regarded as difficult as going to the moon.
The death Zone
People find it impossible to live in the area.
They had no idea what they were up against.
They didn’t know what conditions they were going to face.
English air
Oxygen brought by the British expeditons.
Like winning in the Olympic Games, climbing a mountain such as Mount Qomolangma is a great personal achievment.
Mountain climbing itself means exploring human possibilities and every success proves the conqueror’s courage, endeavor and ability.
Language points
1. suggest vt.
建议,提议[+v-ing][+(that虚拟)][+n]
I suggested a visit.
I suggest our going to the park on Sunday.
我建议我们星期天去公园。
The dentist suggested that she (should) come another day. 牙医建议她改天再来。
暗示; 启发[+(that陈述)，不能接不定式],
Her expression suggested pleasure./that she was pleased. 她面露喜色。
使人想起,使人联想到[(+to)]
That cloud suggests a boat to me. 那朵云使我联想到船。
2. accomplish vt.
完成,实现,达到
They didn't accomplish the purpose desired. 没有达到预期的目的。
They have accomplished their mission successfully. 他们成功地完成了任务。
走完,度过
She has accomplished 95 years of her life. 她已达九十五高龄。
The journey was accomplished in five weeks. 花了五个礼拜走完全部旅程。
3.apart from 除了，≈besides
Apart from Beijing, they have visited Tianjing,Nanjing,Jinan and Qingdao.
4.adjust to
The foreignners have adjusted to life in Beijing.
5.refer to
查阅，参阅
A person refers to a dictionary to find the meaning of the words.
指……而言，指的是
I knew the lady was referring to Bill when she spoke of a bright young boy.
把……称作(as)
Don’t refer to your sister as a silly cow!
refer…to
指导；让……找
Our teacher refers us to many good books.
If he needs any further information, refer him to me.
归功于；归咎于
He referred his success to the good teaching he’s had.
6. make it be successful in one’s career
He had never made it as a film star but he at last made it as a president.
7.arise (arose, arisen) vi.
升起,上升
A heavy mist arose from the lake. 湖面起了浓雾。
产生,出现,形成[(+from/out of)]
Unexpected difficulties arose in the course of their experiment.
在他们进行实验的过程中,出现了意想不到的困难。
Between the copartners serious disagreements arose.
合伙人之间产生了严重分歧。
8. be praised as =be honored as
The athletes who won medals in the Olympics are praised as national heroes.
汉语的词类划分，在上古就已奠定了基础。实词可以分成名词、动词、形容词及数词等类；虚词可以分成代词、副词、介词、连词及助词等类。某个词属于某一词类比较固定，各类词在语句中充当什么成分也有一定的分工。比如名词经常用作主语、宾语、定语，动词经常用作谓语，形容词经常用作定语、状语和谓语，数词经常用作定语，代词经常用作主语、宾语、定语，副词经常用作状语，补语，等等。这些基本功能是古今相同的。
但是，在古代汉语里，某些词（主要是实词）可以按照一定的语言习惯灵活运用，在语句中临时改变它的基本功能（即原来词性）。例如《狼》：“转视积薪后，一狼洞其中。”句中的“洞”本是个名词，表示“洞穴”，这里却临时改变了词性，用为动词，作谓语，表示“打洞”。再如《陈涉世家》“将军身被坚执锐，伐无道，诛暴秦。”句中“坚”和“锐”本是形容词，这里也临时改变了词性，充当名词，作宾语，分别表示“坚固的铠甲”和“锐利的武器”，这种情况就是词类的活用。现代汉语里也有这种活用现象，如“铁了心”、“密切关系”、“巩固国防”等，但却远不及古代汉语，特别是上古汉语那样普遍。
总的说来，古代汉语中的词类活用，主要有名词活用为动词，名词的使动用法和意动用法；动词的使动用法，动词活用为名词；形容词活用为动词或名词，形容词的使动用法和意动用法；数词活用为动词，数词的使动用法，等等。此外，名词用作状语的现象在古代汉语中也很常见。名词用作状语，并不是词类活用，但是在现代汉语中，普通名词一般不能用作状语，古今有别，所以也附在这里加以介绍。
名词活用为一般动词，在古代汉语中是比较普遍的现象。活用后的意义仍和这个名词的意义的密切相关，只是动作化罢了。
例如：
③游人虽未盛，泉而茗者，�而歌者，红装而蹇者亦时时有。（《满井游记》）
古代汉语不仅普通名词能活用为动词，方位名词也常常活用作动词。例如：
①攻大泽乡，收而攻蕲。蕲下��攻�、�、苦、跖、樵，皆下之。（《陈涉世家》）
在现代汉语中，一般只有时间名词才能用作状语，普通名词用作状语的很少见。而在古代汉语中，不但 时间名词可以作状语，普通名词作状语的现象也极为常见，很值得我们注意。
普通名词直接用于动词前作状语，所起的作用是多种多样的.，有的还具有比较浓厚的修辞色彩。常见的可以分为以下几种情况：
1．表示动作行为发生的处所。例如：
2．表示动作行为的依据、手段或工具。例如：
3．表示动作行为的特征或状态。例如：
4．表示行为的身分或对待的方式。例如：
①兵挫地削，亡其六郡，身客死于秦，为天下笑。“（《史记非原列传》
时间名词用于动词前作状语，主要表示行为变化的时间。需注意以下几点：
1．古代汉语时间名词用作状语，往往用连词“而”或“以”把它和谓语中心词相连接。这是现代汉语里所没有的。例如：
2．古代汉语里“日”、“月”、“岁”等时间名词，用作状语时所表示的意义和它们平时的意义有所不同，已经不是单纯的时间修饰。例如：
古代汉语里，方位名词也可以直接用作状语，表示动作行为发生的处所或表示动作的趋向。例如：
③闭之，则右刻“山高月小，水落石出”，左刻“清风徐来，水波不兴”，石青糁之。（《核舟记》）
在语句中，形容词如果处在主语或宾语及判断句谓语的位置上，具有明显的表示人或事物的特征和意义，它就活用为名词。例如：
形容词活用为一股动词，多数是由于后面带了宾语，形容词本身是不能带宾语的。例如；
动词的主要作用是充当谓语，但有时也出现在主语或宾语的位置上，表示与这个动词的动作行为有关的人或事，这时它就活用为名词了。例如：
所谓使动用法，是指谓语动词具有“使宾语怎么样”的意思。实际上，它是以动宾的结构方式表达了兼语式的内容，学习的时候必须注意这一点。
使动用法中的谓语动词，有的是由名词、形容词活用来的。由于原来的词类不同，活用作使动以后，它 们所表示的语法意义也不完全相同。
动词和它的宾语不是一般的支配与被支配的关系，而是使宾语所代表的人或事产生这个动词所表示 的动作行为。
一般说来，活用作使动的动词，多数是不及物动词。不及物动词本来不带宾语，用于使动时，后面就带有宾语。例如：
及物动词也有活用为使动的，但较少见。例如：
及物动词本来就带宾语，在形式上与使动用法没有区别，区别只在意义上，这就需要认真具体分析具体语言环境，根据上下文来分辨。
形容词带上宾语以后，如果使得宾语具有这个形容词的性质和状态，那么这个形容词则活用为使动词。例如：
①故天将降大任于是人也，必先苦其心志，劳其筋骨，饿其体肤，空乏其身。（《孟子犯孀酉隆罚
名词用作使动动词，是指这个名词带了宾语，并且使宾语所代表的人或事物变成这个名词所代表的人或事物。例如：
在古代汉语里，名词用作使动动词比较少见。
所谓意动用法，是指谓语动词具有“认为（或以为）宾语怎么样”的意思。
意动用法只限于形容词和名词的活用，动词本身没有意动用法。
使动用法是主语使宾语在客观上产生某种动作行为，而意动用法是主语主观上认为（或以为）宾语具有谓语所表示的内容，是存于意念的想法或看法，客观上不一定如此。一般可译为“认为��”、“以��为 ”等。
名词用作意动，是把它后面的宾语所代表的人或事物看作这个名词所代表的人或事物。例如：
形容词用作意动，是主观上认为后面的宾语所代表的人或事物具有这个形容词所表示的性质或状态。
上述这些词类活用的现象，还不能概括所有的情况。比如数词或数量词有时也可活用为动词甚至是使动动词，因为较为少见，这里就不谈了。
So + be/can/do/have…+ S
① So + S + be/can/do/have…
Neither/nor + be… + S
eg: 1. He can ride bike, and so can I . She studies hard; so do you.
Tom is an honest boy; so is John. You have been to Beijing, and so have I .
2.It is fine today; so it is. You study hard, and so you do.
3.She hasn’t been to HK; neither/nor have I .
If you don’t go to the concert, neither shall I .
ex: 1.I like sports and my brother.
A. so does B. so is C. so D. so like
2.He can't drive a car , .
A. so can't I B. can't I either C.I can't too D. neither can I
3.She is not fond of cooking, I.
A. so am B. nor am C. neither do D. nor do
4.Helen doesn't like milk and .
A. so I don't B. so don't I C. either I do D. neither do I
5.-Did you enjoy that trip ? -I'm afraid not.And ______________.
A. my classmates don't either B. my classmates don't too
C. neither do my classmates D. neither did my classmates
6.-I don't think I can walk any further . - ;Let's stop here for a rest .
A. Neither am I B. Neither can I C.I don't think so D.I think so
7.-John won the first prize in the contest. - .
A. So he did B. So did he C. So he did, too D. So did he, too
8.After that we never saw her again, nor from her.
A. did we hear B. we heard C. had we heard D. we have heard
9.-Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?-I don't know, .(S91)
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C.I don't care neither D.I don't care also
10.-David has made great progress recently. - ,and .(S97)
A. So he has ; so you have B. So he has ; so have you
C. So has he ; so have you D. So has he ; so you have
11.- You forgot your purse when you went out. –Good heavens, _______ . (S02)
A. so did I B. so I did C. I did so D. I so did
Introduce sb. / oneself to sb.
②. introduce sth. to sb.
be introduce into/to…
eg:1. I’d like to introduce my friend Jane to you. Would you like to introduce yourself to us?
Marxism was introduced to China at the beginning of last century.
ex: He seems to _____ Jane. Shee knows him well.
A. introduce to B. be introducing to C. be introduced to D. have been introduced
In one’s opinion: In my opinion, you’d better introduce your partner to me.
③
in the opinion of sb. In the opinion of most people, the meeting is of great importance.
go on doing sth.: They often went on reading till midnight.
④ go on to do sth: After he finished writing the letter, he went on to read the text.
go on with sth: After supper, her mother told her to go on with her homework.
What’s going on over there?
ex: Go on the other exercise after you have finished this one.
A. to do B. doing C. with D. to be doing
too much: She talked too much at the meeting. Last night, I drank too much beer.
⑤ He is much too fat, because he always eats too much.
much too: This book is much too expensive for me.
ex: 1.It was late to catch a bus after the party, therefore we called a taxi.(S95)
A. too very B. much too C. too much D. far
2. Allen had to call a taxi because the box was ______ to carry all the way home. (03)
A. much too heavy B. too much heavy C. heavy too much D. too heavy much
have sb. do sth. He has me clean the room.
⑥ have sb./ sth. doing (sth) They had the machines running all the time. 使；让
have + n/ pron + p.p She will have her watch repaired.
have sth. to do I have some letters to answer. (有)
ex: 1.-Good morning. Can I help you ? -I'd like to have this package ,madam.(89)
A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed
2.The old lady had a letter from her youngest son in the army ____ to her.
A. read B. write C. received D. written
3.-I’d like to go shopping with you, but I have a meeting _____ . -If you don’t go, _______. A. to attend; nor will I B. to attend; so do I C. attending; so will I D. attend; neither will I
4. He didn't keep on asking me the time any longeras he had had his watch .
A. to repair B. repaired C. repairing D. repair (S93)
prefer sth. to sth. I prefer chemistry to physics.
⑦ prefer doing sth to doing sth. She prefers watching TV to seeing films.
prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. He prefers to stay at home rather than go out .
ex: 1.Rather than on a crowded bus, he always prefers ______a bicycle.(94)
A. ride; ride B. riding; ride C. ride; to ride D. to ride ; riding
2.The teacher _____ giving lectures to students ____ invited to meetings sometimes.
A. preferred; to being B. preferred to; rather than
C. preferred; than being D. preferred to; to being
⑧ It’s one’s turn to do sth.: It’s your turn to do the cleaning.
by the way; on the / one’s way (to) / in this way / in the way
⑨. a way to do sth. He has a strange way of making his class lively and interesting.
a way of doing sth. He has a strange way to make his class lively and interesting.
ex: Please tell me the way you thought of ______ the garden.
A. to take care of B. being taken care of C. to be taken care of D. taking care of
⑩give one’s regards/best wishes/love to sb.
as a result: He had some bad fish. As a result, he felt ill this morning.
as a/the result of: As a result of his hard work, he got a pay rise.
result in: His carelessness resulted in an accident.
result from: The accident resulted from his carelessness.
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